There is a minimal experience with cyclosporine overdosage. Forced emesis and gastric lavage can be of value up to 2 hours after administration of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]). Transient hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity may occur which should resolve following drug withdrawal. Oral doses of cyclosporine up to 10 g (about 150 mg/kg) have been tolerated with relatively minor clinical consequences, such as vomiting, drowsiness, headache, tachycardia and, in a few patients, moderately severe, reversible impairment of renal function. However, serious symptoms of intoxication have been reported following accidental parenteral overdosage with cyclosporine in premature neonates. General supportive measures and symptomatic treatment should be followed in all cases of overdosage. Cyclosporine is not dialyzable to any great extent, nor is it cleared well by charcoal hemoperfusion. The oral dosage at which half of experimental animals are estimated to die is 31 times, 39 times, and > 54 times the human maintenance dose for transplant patients (6mg/kg; corrections based on body surface area) in mice, rats, and rabbits.
There is a minimal experience with overdosage. Because of the slow absorption of Cequa Soft Gelatin Capsules or Oral Solution, forced emesis and gastric lavage would be of value up to 2 hours after administration. Transient hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity may occur which should resolve following drug withdrawal. Oral doses of cyclosporine up to 10 g (about 150 mg/kg) have been tolerated with relatively minor clinical consequences, such as vomiting, drowsiness, headache, tachycardia and, in a few patients, moderately severe, reversible impairment of renal function. However, serious symptoms of intoxication have been reported following accidental parenteral overdosage with cyclosporine in premature neonates. General supportive measures and symptomatic treatment should be followed in all cases of overdosage. Cequa (cyclosporine) is not dialyzable to any great extent, nor is it cleared well by charcoal hemoperfusion. The oral LD50 is 2329 mg/kg in mice, 1480 mg/kg in rats, and > 1000 mg/kg in rabbits. The intravenous (IV) LD50 is 148 mg/kg in mice, 104 mg/kg in rats, and 46 mg/kg in rabbits.
Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to cyclosporine or to any of the ingredients of the formulation.
Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid arthritis patients with abnormal renal function, uncontrolled hypertension, or malignancies should not receive Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]).
PsoriasisPsoriasis patients who are treated with Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) should not receive concomitant PUVA or UVB therapy, methotrexate or other immunosuppressive agents, coal tar or radiation therapy. Psoriasis patients with abnormal renal function, uncontrolled hypertension, or malignancies should not receive Cequa®.
Cequa Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP) is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to Cequa (cyclosporine) and/or Cremophor® EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil).
The principal adverse reactions of cyclosporine therapy are renal dysfunction, tremor, hirsutism, hypertension, and gum hyperplasia.
HypertensionHypertension, which is usually mild to moderate, may occur in approximately 50% of patients following renal transplantation and in most cardiac transplant patients.
Glomerular Capillary ThrombosisGlomerular capillary thrombosis has been found in patients treated with cyclosporine and may progress to graft failure. The pathologic changes resembled those seen in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and included thrombosis of the renal microvasculature, with platelet-fibrin thrombi occluding glomerular capillaries and afferent arterioles, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and decreased renal function. Similar findings have been observed when other immunosuppressives have been employed post-transplantation.
HypomagnesemiaHypomagnesemia has been reported in some, but not all, patients exhibiting convulsions while on cyclosporine therapy. Although magnesium-depletion studies in normal subjects suggest that hypomagnesemia is associated with neurologic disorders, multiple factors, including hypertension, high dose methylprednisolone, hypocholesterolemia, and nephrotoxicity associated with high plasma concentrations of cyclosporine appear to be related to the neurological manifestations of cyclosporine toxicity.
Clinical StudiesIn controlled studies, the nature, severity, and incidence of the adverse events that were observed in 493 transplanted patients treated with cyclosporine (MODIFIED) were comparable with those observed in 208 transplanted patients who received Sandimmune® in these same studies when the dosage of the two drugs was adjusted to achieve the same cyclosporine blood trough concentrations.
Based on the historical experience with Sandimmune®, the following reactions occurred in 3% or greater of 892 patients involved in clinical trials of kidney, heart, and liver transplants.
| Body System | Adverse Reactions | Randomized Kidney Patients | Cyclosporine Patients (Sandimmune®) | |||
| Sandimmune® (N = 227) % | Azathioprine (N = 228) % | Kidney (N = 705) % | Heart (N = 112) % | Liver (N = 75) % | ||
| Genitourinary | ||||||
| Renal Dysfunction | 32 | 6 | 25 | 38 | 37 | |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| Hypertension | 26 | 18 | 13 | 53 | 27 | |
| Cramps | 4 | < 1 | 2 | < 1 | 0 | |
| Skin | ||||||
| Hirsutism | 21 | < 1 | 21 | 28 | 45 | |
| Acne | 6 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| Central Nervous System | ||||||
| Tremor | 12 | 0 | 21 | 31 | 55 | |
| Convulsions | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | |
| Headache | 2 | < 1 | 2 | 15 | 4 | |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||||
| Gum Hyperplasia | 4 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 16 | |
| Diarrhea | 3 | < 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 | |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 2 | < 1 | 4 | 10 | 4 | |
| Hepatotoxicity | < 1 | < 1 | 4 | 7 | 4 | |
| Abdominal Discomfort | < 1 | 0 | < 1 | 7 | 0 | |
| Autonomic Nervous System | ||||||
| Paresthesia | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Flushing | < 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | |
| Hematopoietic | ||||||
| Leukopenia | 2 | 19 | < 1 | 6 | 0 | |
| Lymphoma | < 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 | |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| Sinusitis | < 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 | |
| Miscellaneous | ||||||
| Gynecomastia | < 1 | 0 | < 1 | 4 | 3 | |
Among 705 kidney transplant patients treated with cyclosporine oral solution (Sandimmune®) in clinical trials, the reason for treatment discontinuation was renal toxicity in 5.4%, infection in 0.9%, lack of efficacy in 1.4%, acute tubular necrosis in 1.0%, lymphoproliferative disorders in 0.3%, hypertension in 0.3%, and other reasons in 0.7% of the patients.
The following reactions occurred in 2% or less of cyclosporine-treated patients: allergic reactions, anemia, anorexia, confusion, conjunctivitis, edema, fever, brittle fingernails, gastritis, hearing loss, hiccups, hyperglycemia, migraine (Cequa®), muscle pain, peptic ulcer, thrombocytopenia, tinnitus.
The following reactions occurred rarely: anxiety, chest pain, constipation, depression, hair breaking, hematuria, joint pain, lethargy, mouth sores, myocardial infarction, night sweats, pancreatitis, pruritus, swallowing difficulty, tingling, upper GI bleeding, visual disturbance, weakness, weight loss.
Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, including cyclosporine and cyclosporine -containing regimens, are at increased risk of infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic). Both generalized and localized infections can occur. Pre-existing infections may also be aggravated. Fatal outcomes have been reported. (See WARNINGS)
Infectious Complications in Historical Randomized Studies in Renal Transplant Patients Using Sandimmune®
| Complication | Cyclosporine Treatment (N=227) % of Complications | Azathioprine with Steroids* (N=228) % of Complications |
| Septicemia | 5.3 | 4.8 |
| Abscesses | 4.4 | 5.3 |
| Systemic Fungal Infection | 2.2 | 3.9 |
| Local Fungal Infection | 7.5 | 9.6 |
| Cytomegalovirus | 4.8 | 12.3 |
| Other Viral Infections | 15.9 | 18.4 |
| Urinary Tract Infections | 21.1 | 20.2 |
| Wound and Skin Infections | 7.0 | 10.1 |
| Pneumonia | 6.2 | 9.2 |
| *Some patients also received ALG. |
Cases of hepatotoxicity and liver injury including cholestasis, jaundice, hepatitis and liver failure; serious and/or fatal outcomes have been reported. (See WARNINGS, Hepatotoxicity)
Increased Risk of InfectionsCases of JC virus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), sometimes fatal; and polyoma virus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), especially BK virus resulting in graft loss have been reported. (See WARNINGS, Polyoma Virus Infection)
Headache, including MigraineCases of migraine have been reported. In some cases, patients have been unable to continue cyclosporine, however, the final decision on treatment discontinuation should be made by the treating physician following the careful assessment of benefits versus risks.
Pain of lower extremitiesIsolated cases of pain of lower extremities have been reported in association with cyclosporine. Pain of lower extremities has also been noted as part of Calcineurin-Inhibitor Induced Pain Syndrome (CIPS) as described in the literature.
Rheumatoid ArthritisThe principal adverse reactions associated with the use of cyclosporine in rheumatoid arthritis are renal dysfunction (See WARNINGS), hypertension (See PRECAUTIONS), headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and hirsutism/hypertrichosis.
In rheumatoid arthritis patients treated in clinical trials within the recommended dose range, cyclosporine therapy was discontinued in 5.3% of the patients because of hypertension and in 7% of the patients because of increased creatinine. These changes are usually reversible with timely dose decrease or drug discontinuation. The frequency and severity of serum creatinine elevations increase with dose and duration of cyclosporine therapy. These elevations are likely to become more pronounced without dose reduction or discontinuation.
The following adverse events occurred in controlled clinical trials:
Cyclosporine (MODIFIED)/Sandimmune® Rheumatoid Arthritis Percentage of Patients with Adverse Events ≥ 3% in any Cyclosporine Treated Group
| Body System | Preferred Term | Studies 651+652 +2008 | Study 302 | Study 654 | Study 654 | Study 302 | Studies 651+652 +2008 |
| Sandimmune®† (N=269) | Sand- ® immune (N=155) | Methotrexate & Sandimmune® (N=74) | Metho- trexate & Placebo (N=73) | Cyclosporine (MODIFIED) (N=143) | Placebo (N=201) | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System Disorders | |||||||
| Flushing | 2% | 2% | 3% | 0% | 5% | 2% | |
| Body As A Whole-General Disorders | |||||||
| Accidental Trauma | 0% | 1% | 10% | 4% | 4% | 0% | |
| Edema NOS* | 5% | 14% | 12% | 4% | 10% | < 1% | |
| Fatigue | 6% | 3% | 8% | 12% | 3% | 7% | |
| Fever | 2% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 4% | |
| Influenza-like symptoms | < 1% | 6% | 1% | 0% | 3% | 2% | |
| Pain | 6% | 9% | 10% | 15% | 13% | 4% | |
| Rigors | 1% | 1% | 4% | 0% | 3% | 1% | |
| Cardiovascular Disorders | |||||||
| Arrhythmia | 2% | 5% | 5% | 6% | 2% | 1% | |
| Chest Pain | 4% | 5% | 1% | 1% | 6% | 1% | |
| Hypertension | 8% | 26% | 16% | 12% | 25% | 2% | |
| Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders | |||||||
| Dizziness | 8% | 6% | 7% | 3% | 8% | 3% | |
| Headache | 17% | 23% | 22% | 11% | 25% | 9% | |
| Migraine | 2% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 3% | 1% | |
| Paresthesia | 8% | 7% | 8% | 4% | 11% | 1% | |
| Tremor | 8% | 7% | 7% | 3% | 13% | 4% | |
| Gastrointestinal System Disorders | |||||||
| Abdominal Pain | 15% | 15% | 15% | 7% | 15% | 10% | |
| Anorexia | 3% | 3% | 1% | 0% | 3% | 3% | |
| Diarrhea | 12% | 12% | 18% | 15% | 13% | 8% | |
| Dyspepsia | 12% | 12% | 10% | 8% | 8% | 4% | |
| Flatulence | 5% | 5% | 5% | 4% | 4% | 1% | |
| Gastrointestinal Disorder NOS* | 0% | 2% | 1% | 4% | 4% | 0% | |
| Gingivitis | 4% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | |
| Gum Hyperplasia | 2% | 4% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 1% | |
| Nausea | 23% | 14% | 24% | 15% | 18% | 14% | |
| Rectal Hemorrhage | 0% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | |
| Stomatitis | 7% | 5% | 16% | 12% | 6% | 8% | |
| Vomiting | 9% | 8% | 14% | 7% | 6% | 5% | |
| Hearing and Vestibular Disorders | |||||||
| Ear Disorder NOS* | 0% | 5% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 0% | |
| Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders | |||||||
| Hypomagnesemia | 0% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | |
| Musculoskeletal System Disorders | |||||||
| Arthropathy | 0% | 5% | 0% | 1% | 4% | 0% | |
| Leg Cramps / Involuntary Muscle Contractions | 2% | 11% | 11% | 3% | 12% | 1% | |
| Psychiatric Disorders | |||||||
| Depression | 3% | 6% | 3% | 1% | 1% | 2% | |
| Insomnia | 4% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 3% | 2% | |
| Renal | |||||||
| Creatinine elevations > 30% | 43% | 39% | 55% | 19% | 48% | 13% | |
| Creatinine elevations > 50% | 24% | 18% | 26% | 8% | 18% | 3% | |
| Reproductive Disorders, Female | |||||||
| Leukorrhea | 1% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 1% | 0% | |
| Menstrual Disorder | 3% | 2% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 1% | |
| Respiratory System Disorders | |||||||
| Bronchitis | 1% | 3% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 3% | |
| Coughing | 5% | 3% | 5% | 7% | 4% | 4% | |
| Dyspnea | 5% | 1% | 3% | 3% | 1% | 2% | |
| Infection NOS* | 9% | 5% | 0% | 7% | 3% | 10% | |
| Pharyngitis | 3% | 5% | 5% | 6% | 4% | 4% | |
| Pneumonia | 1% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 1% | 1% | |
| Rhinitis | 0% | 3% | 11% | 10% | 1% | 0% | |
| Sinusitis | 4% | 4% | 8% | 4% | 3% | 3% | |
| Upper Respiratory Tract | 0% | 14% | 23% | 15% | 13% | 0% | |
| Skin and Appendages Disorders | |||||||
| Alopecia | 3% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 4% | 4% | |
| Bullous Eruption | 1% | 0% | 4% | 1% | 1% | 1% | |
| Hypertrichosis | 19% | 17% | 12% | 0% | 15% | 3% | |
| Rash | 7% | 12% | 10% | 7% | 8% | 10% | |
| Skin Ulceration | 1% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 0% | 2% | |
| Urinary System Disorders | |||||||
| Dysuria | 0% | 0% | 11% | 3% | 1% | 2% | |
| Micturition Frequency | 2% | 4% | 3% | 1% | 2% | 2% | |
| NPN, Increased | 0% | 19% | 12% | 0% | 18% | 0% | |
| Urinary Tract Infection | 0% | 3% | 5% | 4% | 3% | 0% | |
| Vascular (Extracardiac) Disorders | |||||||
| Purpura | 3% | 4% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 0% | |
| † Includes patients in 2.5 mg/kg/day dose group only. *NOS=Not Otherwise Specified. | |||||||
In addition, the following adverse events have been reported in 1% to < 3% of the rheumatoid arthritis patients in the cyclosporine treatment group in controlled clinical trials.
Autonomic Nervous System: dry mouth, increased sweating
Body as a Whole: allergy, asthenia, hot flushes, malaise, overdose, procedure NOS*, tumor NOS*, weight decrease, weight increase
Cardiovascular: abnormal heart sounds, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, peripheral ischemia
Central and Peripheral Nervous System: hypoesthesia, neuropathy, vertigo
Endocrine: goiter
Gastrointestinal: constipation, dysphagia, enanthema, eructation, esophagitis, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gingival bleeding, glossitis, peptic ulcer, salivary gland enlargement, tongue disorder, tooth disorder
Infection: abscess, bacterial infection, cellulitis, folliculitis, fungal infection, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, renal abscess, moniliasis, tonsillitis, viral infection
Hematologic: anemia, epistaxis, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy
Liver and Biliary System: bilirubinemia
Metabolic and Nutritional: diabetes mellitus, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hypoglycemia
Musculoskeletal System: arthralgia, bone fracture, bursitis, joint dislocation, myalgia, stiffness, synovial cyst, tendon disorder
Neoplasms: breast fibroadenosis, carcinoma
Psychiatric: anxiety, confusion, decreased libido, emotional lability, impaired concentration, increased libido, nervousness, paroniria, somnolence
Reproductive (Female): breast pain, uterine hemorrhage
Respiratory System: abnormal chest sounds, bronchospasm
Skin and Appendages: abnormal pigmentation, angioedema, dermatitis, dry skin, eczema, nail disorder, pruritus, skin disorder, urticaria
Special Senses: abnormal vision, cataract, conjunctivitis, deafness, eye pain, taste perversion, tinnitus, vestibular disorder
Urinary System: abnormal urine, hematuria, increased BUN, micturition urgency, nocturia, polyuria, pyelonephritis, urinary incontinence
*NOS=Not Otherwise Specified
PsoriasisThe principal adverse reactions associated with the use of cyclosporine in patients with psoriasis are renal dysfunction, headache, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hirsutism/hypertrichosis, paresthesia or hyperesthesia, influenza-like symptoms, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, lethargy, and musculoskeletal or joint pain.
In psoriasis patients treated in US controlled clinical studies within the recommended dose range, cyclosporine therapy was discontinued in 1.0% of the patients because of hypertension and in 5.4% of the patients because of increased creatinine. In the majority of cases, these changes were reversible after dose reduction or discontinuation of cyclosporine.
There has been one reported death associated with the use of cyclosporine in psoriasis. A 27-year-old male developed renal deterioration and was continued on cyclosporine. He had progressive renal failure leading to death.
Frequency and severity of serum creatinine increases with dose and duration of cyclosporine therapy. These elevations are likely to become more pronounced and may result in irreversible renal damage without dose reduction or discontinuation.
Adverse Events Occurring in 3% or More of Psoriasis Patients in Controlled Clinical Trials
| Body System* | Preferred Term | Cyclosporine (MODIFIED) (N=182) | Sandimmune® (N=185) |
| Infection or Potential Infection | 24.7% | 24.3% | |
| Influenza-Like Symptoms | 9.9% | 8.1% | |
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 7.7% | 11.3% | |
| Cardiovascular System | 28.0% | 25.4% | |
| Hypertension** | 27.5% | 25.4% | |
| Urinary System | 24.2% | 16.2% | |
| Increased Creatinine | 19.8% | 15.7% | |
| Central and Peripheral Nervous System | 26.4% | 20.5% | |
| Headache | 15.9% | 14.0% | |
| Paresthesia | 7.1% | 4.8% | |
| Musculoskeletal System | 13.2% | 8.7% | |
| Arthralgia | 6.0% | 1.1% | |
| Body As a Whole-General | 29.1% | 22.2% | |
| Pain | 4.4% | 3.2% | |
| Metabolic and Nutritional | 9.3% | 9.7% | |
| Reproductive, Female | 8.5% (4 of 47 females) | 11.5% (6 of 52 females) | |
| Resistance Mechanism | 18.7% | 21.1% | |
| Skin and Appendages | 17.6% | 15.1% | |
| Hypertrichosis | 6.6% | 5.4% | |
| Respiratory System | 5.0% | 6.5% | |
| Bronchospasm, Coughing, Dyspnea, Rhinitis | 5.0% | 4.9% | |
| Psychiatric | 5.0% | 3.8% | |
| Gastrointestinal System | 19.8% | 28.7% | |
| Abdominal Pain | 2.7% | 6.0% | |
| Diarrhea | 5.0% | 5.9% | |
| Dyspepsia | 2.2% | 3.2% | |
| Gum Hyperplasia | 3.8% | 6.0% | |
| Nausea | 5.5% | 5.9% | |
| White cell and RES | 4.4% | 2.7% | |
| *Total percentage of events within the system **Newly occurring hypertension=SBP ≥ 160 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg |
The following events occurred in 1% to less than 3% of psoriasis patients treated with cyclosporine:
Body as a Whole: fever, flushes, hot flushes
Cardiovascular: chest pain
Central and Peripheral Nervous System: appetite increased, insomnia, dizziness, nervousness, vertigo
Gastrointestinal: abdominal distention, constipation, gingival bleeding
Liver and Biliary System: hyperbilirubinemia
Neoplasms: skin malignancies [squamous cell (0.9%) and basal cell (0.4%) carcinomas]
Reticuloendothelial: platelet, bleeding, and clotting disorders, red blood cell disorder
Respiratory: infection, viral and other infection
Skin and Appendages: acne, folliculitis, keratosis, pruritus, rash, dry skin
Urinary System: micturition frequency
Vision: abnormal vision
Mild hypomagnesemia and hyperkalemia may occur but are asymptomatic. Increases in uric acid may occur and attacks of gout have been rarely reported. A minor and dose related hyperbilirubinemia has been observed in the absence of hepatocellular damage. Cyclosporine therapy may be associated with a modest increase of serum triglycerides or cholesterol. Elevations of triglycerides ( > 750 mg/dL) occur in about 15% of psoriasis patients; elevations of cholesterol ( > 300 mg/dL) are observed in less than 3% of psoriasis patients. Generally these laboratory abnormalities are reversible upon dose reduction or discontinuation of cyclosporine.
Postmarketing Experience, PsoriasisCases of transformation to erythrodermic psoriasis or gen
The principal adverse reactions of Cequa (cyclosporine) therapy are renal dysfunction, tremor, hirsutism, hypertension, and gum hyperplasia.
HypertensionHypertension, which is usually mild to moderate, may occur in approximately 50% of patients following renal transplantation and in most cardiac transplant patients.
Glomerular Capillary ThrombosisGlomerular capillary thrombosis has been found in patients treated with cyclosporine and may progress to graft failure. The pathologic changes resemble those seen in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and include thrombosis of the renal microvasculature, with platelet-fibrin thrombi occluding glomerular capillaries and afferent arterioles, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and decreased renal function. Similar findings have been observed when other immunosuppressives have been employed post transplantation.
HypomagnesemiaHypomagnesemia has been reported in some, but not all, patients exhibiting convulsions while on cyclosporine therapy. Although magnesium-depletion studies in normal subjects suggest that hypomagnesemia is associated with neurologic disorders, multiple factors, including hypertension, high-dose methylprednisolone, hypocholesterolemia, and nephrotoxicity associated with high plasma concentrations of cyclosporine appear to be related to the neurological manifestations of cyclosporine toxicity.
Clinical StudiesThe following reactions occurred in 3% or greater of 892 patients involved in clinical trials of kidney, heart, and liver transplants:
| Body System/ Adverse Reactions | Randomized Kidney Patients | All Sandiimmune (cyclosporine) Patients | |||
| Cequa (N=227) % | Azathioprine (N=228) % | Kidney (N=705) % | Heart (N=112) % | Liver (N=75) % | |
| Genitourinary | |||||
| Renal Dysfunction | 32 | 6 | 25 | 38 | 37 |
| Cardiovascular | |||||
| Hypertension | 26 | 18 | 13 | 53 | 27 |
| Cramps | 4 | < 1 | 2 | < 1 | 0 |
| Skin | |||||
| Hirsutism | 21 | < 1 | 21 | 28 | 45 |
| Acne | 6 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Central Nervous System | |||||
| Tremor | 12 | 0 | 21 | 31 | 55 |
| Convulsions | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| Headache | 2 | < 1 | 2 | 15 | 4 |
| Gastrointestinal | |||||
| Gum Hyperplasia | 4 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 16 |
| Diarrhea | 3 | < 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 2 | < 1 | 4 | 10 | 4 |
| Hepatotoxicity | < 1 | < 1 | 4 | 7 | 4 |
| Abdominal Discomfort | < 1 | 0 | < 1 | 7 | 0 |
| Autonomic Nervous System | |||||
| Paresthesia | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Flushing | < 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Hematopoietic | |||||
| Leukopenia | 2 | 19 | < 1 | 6 | 0 |
| Lymphoma | < 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
| Respiratory | |||||
| Sinusitis | < 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Miscellaneous | |||||
| Gynecomastia | < 1 | 0 | < 1 | 4 | 3 |
The following reactions occurred in 2% or less of patients: allergic reactions, anemia, anorexia, confusion, conjunctivitis, edema, fever, brittle fingernails, gastritis, hearing loss, hiccups, hyperglycemia, muscle pain, peptic ulcer, thrombocytopenia, tinnitus.
The following reactions occurred rarely: anxiety, chest pain, constipation, depression, hair breaking, hematuria, joint pain, lethargy, mouth sores, myocardial infarction, night sweats, pancreatitis, pruritus, swallowing difficulty, tingling, upper GI bleeding, visual disturbance, weakness, weight loss.
Renal Transplant Patients in Whom Therapy Was Discontinued
| Reason for Discontinuation | Randomized Patients | All Cequa Patients | |
| Cequa (N=227) % | Azathioprine (N=228) % | (N=705) % | |
| Renal Toxicity | 5.7 | 0 | 5.4 |
| Infection | 0 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
| Lack of Efficacy | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
| Acute Tubular Necrosis | 2.6 | 0 | 1.0 |
| Lymphoma/Lymphoproliferative Disease | 0.4 | 0 | 0.3 |
| Hypertension | 0 | 0 | 0.3 |
| Hematological Abnormalities | 0 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0.7 |
Cequa (cyclosporine) was discontinued on a temporary basis and then restarted in 18 additional patients.
Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, including cyclosporine and cyclosporine -containing regimens, are at increased risk of infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic). Both generalized and localized infections can occur. Pre-existing infections may also be aggravated. Fatal outcomes have been reported. (See WARNINGS)
Infectious Complications in the Randomized Renal Transplant Patients
| Complication | Cequa Treatment (N=227) % of Complications | Standard Treatment* (N=228) % of Complications |
| Septicemia | 5.3 | 4.8 |
| Abscesses | 4.4 | 5.3 |
| Systemic Fungal Infection | 2.2 | 3.9 |
| Local Fungal Infection | 7.5 | 9.6 |
| Cytomegalovirus | 4.8 | 12.3 |
| Other Viral Infections | 15.9 | 18.4 |
| Urinary Tract Infections | 21.1 | 20.2 |
| Wound and Skin Infections | 7.0 | 10.1 |
| Pneumonia | 6.2 | 9.2 |
| *Some patients also received ALG. | ||
Cremophor® EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil) is known to cause hyperlipemia and electrophoretic abnormalities of lipoproteins. These effects are reversible upon discontinuation of treatment but are usually not a reason to stop treatment.
Postmarketing Experience HepatotoxicityCases of hepatotoxicity and liver injury including cholestasis, jaundice, hepatitis and liver failure; serious and/or fatal outcomes have been reported. (See WARNINGS, Hepatotoxicity)
Increased Risk of InfectionsCases of JC virus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), sometimes fatal; and polyoma virus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), especially BK virus resulting in graft loss have been reported. (See WARNINGS, Polyoma Virus Infection)
Headache, including MigraineCases of migraine have been reported. In some cases, patients have been unable to continue cyclosporine, however, the final decision on treatment discontinuation should be made by the treating physician following the careful assessment of benefits versus risks.
Pain of Lower ExtremitiesIsolated cases of pain of lower extremities have been reported in association with cyclosporine. Pain of lower extremities has also been noted as part of Calcineurin-Inhibitor Induced Pain Syndrome (CIPS) as described in the literature.
Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in kidney, liver, and heart allogeneic transplants. Cyclosporine (MODIFIED) has been used in combination with azathioprine and corticosteroids.
Rheumatoid ArthritisCequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) is indicated for the treatment of patients with severe active, rheumatoid arthritis where the disease has not adequately responded to methotrexate. Cequa® can be used in combination with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients who do not respond adequately to methotrexate alone.
PsoriasisCequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) is indicated for the treatment of adult, nonimmunocompromised patients with severe (i.e., extensive and/or disabling), recalcitrant, plaque psoriasis who have failed to respond to at least one systemic therapy (e.g., PUVA, retinoids, or methotrexate) or in patients for whom other systemic therapies are contraindicated, or cannot be tolerated.
While rebound rarely occurs, most patients will experience relapse with Cequa® as with other therapies upon cessation of treatment.
Cequa (cyclosporine) is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in kidney, liver, and heart allogeneic transplants. It is always to be used with adrenal corticosteroids. The drug may also be used in the treatment of chronic rejection in patients previously treated with other immunosuppressive agents.
Because of the risk of anaphylaxis, Cequa Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP) should be reserved for patients who are unable to take the soft gelatin capsules or oral solution.
Adjunct therapy with adrenal corticosteroids is recommended initially. Different tapering dosage schedules of prednisone appear to achieve similar results. A representative dosage schedule based on the patient's weight started with 2.0 mg/kg/day for the first 4 days tapered to 1.0 mg/kg/day by 1 week, 0.6 mg/kg/day by 2 weeks, 0.3 mg/kg/day by 1 month, and 0.15 mg/kg/day by 2 months and thereafter as a maintenance dose. Steroid doses may be further tapered on an individualized basis depending on status of patient and function of graft. Adjustments in dosage of prednisone must be made according to the clinical situation.
Conversion from Sandimmune® (Cyclosporine) to Cequa® Capsules (Cyclosporine Capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) in Transplant PatientsIn transplanted patients who are considered for conversion to Cequa® from Sandimmune® (cyclosporine), Cequa® should be started with the same daily dose as was previously used with Sandimmune® (cyclosporine) (1:1 dose conversion). The Cequa® dose should subsequently be adjusted to attain the pre-conversion cyclosporine blood trough concentration. Using the same trough concentration target range for Cequa® as for Sandimmune® (cyclosporine) results in greater cyclosporine exposure when Cequa® is administered. (See Pharmacokinetics, Absorption) Patients with suspected poor absorption of Sandimmune® (cyclosporine) require different dosing strategies. (See Transplant Patients with Poor Absorption of Sandimmune® (cyclosporine), below) In some patients, the increase in blood trough concentration is more pronounced and may be of clinical significance.
Until the blood trough concentration attains the pre-conversion value, it is strongly recommended that the cyclosporine blood trough concentration be monitored every 4 to 7 days after conversion to Cequa®. In addition, clinical safety parameters such as serum creatinine and blood pressure should be monitored every two weeks during the first two months after conversion. If the blood trough concentrations are outside the desired range and/or if the clinical safety parameters worsen, the dosage of Cequa® must be adjusted accordingly.
Transplant Patients with Poor Absorption of Sandimmune® (Cyclosporine)Patients with lower than expected cyclosporine blood trough concentrations in relation to the oral dose of Sandimmune® (cyclosporine) may have poor or inconsistent absorption of cyclosporine from Sandimmune® (cyclosporine). After conversion to Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]), patients tend to have higher cyclosporine concentrations. Due to the increase in bioavailability of cyclosporine following conversion to Cequa®, the cyclosporine blood trough concentration may exceed the target range. Particular caution should be exercised when converting patients to Cequa® at doses greater than 10 mg/kg/day. The dose of Cequa® should be titrated individually based on cyclosporine trough concentrations, tolerability, and clinical response. In this population the cyclosporine blood trough concentration should be measured more frequently, at least twice a week (daily, if initial dose exceeds 10 mg/kg/day) until the concentration stabilizes within the desired range.
Rheumatoid ArthritisThe initial dose of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) is 2.5 mg/kg/day, taken twice daily as a divided (BID) oral dose. Salicylates, NSAIDs, and oral corticosteroids may be continued. (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS) Onset of action generally occurs between 4 and 8 weeks. If insufficient clinical benefit is seen and tolerability is good (including serum creatinine less than 30% above baseline), the dose may be increased by 0.5-0.75 mg/kg/day after 8 weeks and again after 12 weeks to a maximum of 4 mg/kg/day. If no benefit is seen by 16 weeks of therapy, Cequa® therapy should be discontinued.
Dose decreases by 25%-50% should be made at any time to control adverse events, e.g., hypertension elevations in serum creatinine (30% above patient's pretreatment level) or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities. (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS)
If dose reduction is not effective in controlling abnormalities or if the adverse event or abnormality is severe, Cequa® should be discontinued. The same initial dose and dosage range should be used if Cequa® is combined with the recommended dose of methotrexate. Most patients can be treated with Cequa® doses of 3 mg/kg/day or below when combined with methotrexate doses of up to 15 mg/week. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Trials)
There is limited long-term treatment data. Recurrence of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity is generally apparent within 4 weeks after stopping cyclosporine.
PsoriasisThe initial dose of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) should be 2.5 mg/kg/day. Cequa® should be taken twice daily, as a divided (1.25 mg/kg BID) oral dose. Patients should be kept at that dose for at least 4 weeks, barring adverse events. If significant clinical improvement has not occurred in patients by that time, the patient's dosage should be increased at 2-week intervals. Based on patient response, dose increases of approximately 0.5 mg/kg/day should be made to a maximum of 4.0 mg/kg/day.
Dose decreases by 25% to 50% should be made at any time to control adverse events, e.g., hypertension, elevations in serum creatinine ( ≥ 25% above the patient's pretreatment level), or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities.
If dose reduction is not effective in controlling abnormalities, or if the adverse event or abnormality is severe, Cequa® should be discontinued. (See Special Monitoring of Psoriasis Patients)
Patients generally show some improvement in the clinical manifestations of psoriasis in 2 weeks. Satisfactory control and stabilization of the disease may take 12 to 16 weeks to achieve. Results of a dose-titration clinical trial with Cequa® indicate that an improvement of psoriasis by 75% or more (based on PASI) was achieved in 51% of the patients after 8 weeks and in 79% of the patients after 16 weeks. Treatment should be discontinued if satisfactory response cannot be achieved after 6 weeks at 4 mg/kg/day or the patient's maximum tolerated dose. Once a patient is adequately controlled and appears stable the dose of Cequa® should be lowered, and the patient treated with the lowest dose that maintains an adequate response (this should not necessarily be total clearing of the patient). In clinical trials, cyclosporine doses at the lower end of the recommended dosage range were effective in maintaining a satisfactory response in 60% of the patients. Doses below 2.5 mg/kg/day may also be equally effective.
Upon stopping treatment with cyclosporine, relapse will occur in approximately 6 weeks (50% of the patients) to 16 weeks (75% of the patients). In the majority of patients rebound does not occur after cessation of treatment with cyclosporine. Thirteen cases of transformation of chronic plaque psoriasis to more severe forms of psoriasis have been reported. There were 9 cases of pustular and 4 cases of erythrodermic psoriasis. Long term experience with Cequa® in psoriasis patients is limited and continuous treatment for extended periods greater than one year is not recommended. Alternation with other forms of treatment should be considered in the long term management of patients with this life long disease.
Blood Concentration Monitoring in Transplant PatientsTransplant centers have found blood concentration monitoring of cyclosporine to be an essential component of patient management. Of importance to blood concentration analysis are the type of assay used, the transplanted organ, and other immunosuppressant agents being administered. While no fixed relationship has been established, blood concentration monitoring may assist in the clinical evaluation of rejection and toxicity, dose adjustments, and the assessment of compliance.
Various assays have been used to measure blood concentrations of cyclosporine. Older studies using a nonspecific assay often cited concentrations that were roughly twice those of the specific assays. Therefore, comparison between concentrations in the published literature and an individual patient concentration using current assays must be made with detailed knowledge of the assay methods employed. Current assay results are also not interchangeable and their use should be guided by their approved labeling. A discussion of the different assay methods is contained in Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 1994;31:420-446. While several assays and assay matrices are available, there is a consensus that parent-compound-specific assays correlate best with clinical events. Of these, HPLC is the standard reference, but the monoclonal antibody RIAs and the monoclonal antibody FPIA offer sensitivity, reproducibility, and convenience. Most clinicians base their monitoring on trough cyclosporine concentrations. Applied Pharmacokinetics, Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (1992) contains a broad discussion of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics and drug monitoring techniques. Blood concentration monitoring is not a replacement for renal function monitoring or tissue biopsies.
HOW SUPPLIED Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) 25 mgOval, white imprinted in blue, 25 mg, and the code OR. Packages of 30 unit-dose blisters. (NDC 0074-3108-32).
Oval, white imprinted in blue, the “a” logo, 25 mg, and the code OR. Packages of 30 unit-dose blisters. (NDC 0074-6463-32).
100 mgOval, white, with two blue stripes, imprinted in blue, 100 mg, and the code OT. Packages of 30 unit-dose blisters. (NDC 0074-3109-32).
Oval, white, with two blue stripes, imprinted in blue, the “a” logo, 100 mg, and the code OT. Packages of 30 unit-dose blisters. (NDC 0074-6479-32).
Store And DispenseIn the original unit-dose container at controlled room temperature 68°-77°F (20°-25°C). (See USP Controlled Room Temperature).
AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, U.S.A. Revised: June, 2015
Side Effects & Drug Interactions SIDE EFFECTS Kidney, Liver, And Heart TransplantationThe principal adverse reactions of cyclosporine therapy are renal dysfunction, tremor, hirsutism, hypertension, and gum hyperplasia.
HypertensionHypertension, which is usually mild to moderate, may occur in approximately 50% of patients following renal transplantation and in most cardiac transplant patients.
Glomerular Capillary ThrombosisGlomerular capillary thrombosis has been found in patients treated with cyclosporine and may progress to graft failure. The pathologic changes resembled those seen in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and included thrombosis of the renal microvasculature, with platelet-fibrin thrombi occluding glomerular capillaries and afferent arterioles, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and decreased renal function. Similar findings have been observed when other immunosuppressives have been employed post-transplantation.
HypomagnesemiaHypomagnesemia has been reported in some, but not all, patients exhibiting convulsions while on cyclosporine therapy. Although magnesium-depletion studies in normal subjects suggest that hypomagnesemia is associated with neurologic disorders, multiple factors, including hypertension, high dose methylprednisolone, hypocholesterolemia, and nephrotoxicity associated with high plasma concentrations of cyclosporine appear to be related to the neurological manifestations of cyclosporine toxicity.
Clinical StudiesIn controlled studies, the nature, severity, and incidence of the adverse events that were observed in 493 transplanted patients treated with cyclosporine (MODIFIED) were comparable with those observed in 208 transplanted patients who received Sandimmune® in these same studies when the dosage of the two drugs was adjusted to achieve the same cyclosporine blood trough concentrations.
Based on the historical experience with Sandimmune®, the following reactions occurred in 3% or greater of 892 patients involved in clinical trials of kidney, heart, and liver transplants.
| Body System | Adverse Reactions | Randomized Kidney Patients | Cyclosporine Patients (Sandimmune®) | |||
| Sandimmune® (N = 227) % | Azathioprine (N = 228) % | Kidney (N = 705) % | Heart (N = 112) % | Liver (N = 75) % | ||
| Genitourinary | ||||||
| Renal Dysfunction | 32 | 6 | 25 | 38 | 37 | |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| Hypertension | 26 | 18 | 13 | 53 | 27 | |
| Cramps | 4 | < 1 | 2 | < 1 | 0 | |
| Skin | ||||||
| Hirsutism | 21 | < 1 | 21 | 28 | 45 | |
| Acne | 6 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| Central Nervous System | ||||||
| Tremor | 12 | 0 | 21 | 31 | 55 | |
| Convulsions | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | |
| Headache | 2 | < 1 | 2 | 15 | 4 | |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||||
| Gum Hyperplasia | 4 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 16 | |
| Diarrhea | 3 | < 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 | |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 2 | < 1 | 4 | 10 | 4 | |
| Hepatotoxicity | < 1 | < 1 | 4 | 7 | 4 | |
| Abdominal Discomfort | < 1 | 0 | < 1 | 7 | 0 | |
| Autonomic Nervous System | ||||||
| Paresthesia | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Flushing | < 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | |
| Hematopoietic | ||||||
| Leukopenia | 2 | 19 | < 1 | 6 | 0 | |
| Lymphoma | < 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 | |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| Sinusitis | < 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 | |
| Miscellaneous | ||||||
| Gynecomastia | < 1 | 0 | < 1 | 4 | 3 | |
Among 705 kidney transplant patients treated with cyclosporine oral solution (Sandimmune®) in clinical trials, the reason for treatment discontinuation was renal toxicity in 5.4%, infection in 0.9%, lack of efficacy in 1.4%, acute tubular necrosis in 1.0%, lymphoproliferative disorders in 0.3%, hypertension in 0.3%, and other reasons in 0.7% of the patients.
The following reactions occurred in 2% or less of cyclosporine-treated patients: allergic reactions, anemia, anorexia, confusion, conjunctivitis, edema, fever, brittle fingernails, gastritis, hearing loss, hiccups, hyperglycemia, migraine (Cequa®), muscle pain, peptic ulcer, thrombocytopenia, tinnitus.
The following reactions occurred rarely: anxiety, chest pain, constipation, depression, hair breaking, hematuria, joint pain, lethargy, mouth sores, myocardial infarction, night sweats, pancreatitis, pruritus, swallowing difficulty, tingling, upper GI bleeding, visual disturbance, weakness, weight loss.
Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, including cyclosporine and cyclosporine -containing regimens, are at increased risk of infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic). Both generalized and localized infections can occur. Pre-existing infections may also be aggravated. Fatal outcomes have been reported. (See WARNINGS)
Infectious Complications in Historical Randomized Studies in Renal Transplant Patients Using Sandimmune®
| Complication | Cyclosporine Treatment (N=227) % of Complications | Azathioprine with Steroids* (N=228) % of Complications |
| Septicemia | 5.3 | 4.8 |
| Abscesses | 4.4 | 5.3 |
| Systemic Fungal Infection | 2.2 | 3.9 |
| Local Fungal Infection | 7.5 | 9.6 |
| Cytomegalovirus | 4.8 | 12.3 |
| Other Viral Infections | 15.9 | 18.4 |
| Urinary Tract Infections | 21.1 | 20.2 |
| Wound and Skin Infections | 7.0 | 10.1 |
| Pneumonia | 6.2 | 9.2 |
| *Some patients also received ALG. |
Cases of hepatotoxicity and liver injury including cholestasis, jaundice, hepatitis and liver failure; serious and/or fatal outcomes have been reported. (See WARNINGS, Hepatotoxicity)
Increased Risk of InfectionsCases of JC virus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), sometimes fatal; and polyoma virus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), especially BK virus resulting in graft loss have been reported. (See WARNINGS, Polyoma Virus Infection)
Headache, including MigraineCases of migraine have been reported. In some cases, patients have been unable to continue cyclosporine, however, the final decision on treatment discontinuation should be made by the treating physician following the careful assessment of benefits versus risks.
Pain of lower extremitiesIsolated cases of pain of lower extremities have been reported in association with cyclosporine. Pain of lower extremities has also been noted as part of Calcineurin-Inhibitor Induced Pain Syndrome (CIPS) as described in the literature.
Rheumatoid ArthritisThe principal adverse reactions associated with the use of cyclosporine in rheumatoid arthritis are renal dysfunction (See WARNINGS), hypertension (See PRECAUTIONS), headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and hirsutism/hypertrichosis.
In rheumatoid arthritis patients treated in clinical trials within the recommended dose range, cyclosporine therapy was discontinued in 5.3% of the patients because of hypertension and in 7% of the patients because of increased creatinine. These changes are usually reversible with timely dose decrease or drug discontinuation. The frequency and severity of serum creatinine elevations increase with dose and duration of cyclosporine therapy. These elevations are likely to become more pronounced without dose reduction or discontinuation.
The following adverse events occurred in controlled clinical trials:
Cyclosporine (MODIFIED)/Sandimmune® Rheumatoid Arthritis Percentage of Patients with Adverse Events ≥ 3% in any Cyclosporine Treated Group
| Body System | Preferred Term | Studies 651+652 +2008 | Study 302 | Study 654 | Study 654 | Study 302 | Studies 651+652 +2008 |
| Sandimmune®† (N=269) | Sand- ® immune (N=155) | Methotrexate & Sandimmune® (N=74) | Metho- trexate & Placebo (N=73) | Cyclosporine (MODIFIED) (N=143) | Placebo (N=201) | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System Disorders | |||||||
| Flushing | 2% | 2% | 3% | 0% | 5% | 2% | |
| Body As A Whole-General Disorders | |||||||
| Accidental Trauma | 0% | 1% | 10% | 4% | 4% | 0% | |
| Edema NOS* | 5% | 14% | 12% | 4% | 10% | < 1% | |
| Fatigue | 6% | 3% | 8% | 12% | 3% | 7% | |
| Fever | 2% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 4% | |
| Influenza-like symptoms | < 1% | 6% | 1% | 0% | 3% | 2% | |
| Pain | 6% | 9% | 10% | 15% | 13% | 4% | |
| Rigors | 1% | 1% | 4% | 0% | 3% | 1% | |
| Cardiovascular Disorders | |||||||
| Arrhythmia | 2% | 5% | 5% | 6% | 2% | 1% | |
| Chest Pain | 4% | 5% | 1% | 1% | 6% | 1% | |
| Hypertension | 8% | 26% | 16% | 12% | 25% | 2% | |
| Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders | |||||||
| Dizziness | 8% | 6% | 7% | 3% | 8% | 3% | |
| Headache | 17% | 23% | 22% | 11% | 25% | 9% | |
| Migraine | 2% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 3% | 1% | |
| Paresthesia | 8% | 7% | 8% | 4% | 11% | 1% | |
| Tremor | 8% | 7% | 7% | 3% | 13% | 4% | |
| Gastrointestinal System Disorders | |||||||
| Abdominal Pain | 15% | 15% | 15% | 7% | 15% | 10% | |
| Anorexia | 3% | 3% | 1% | 0% | 3% | 3% | |
| Diarrhea | 12% | 12% | 18% | 15% | 13% | 8% | |
| Dyspepsia | 12% | 12% | 10% | 8% | 8% | 4% | |
| Flatulence | 5% | 5% | 5% | 4% | 4% | 1% | |
| Gastrointestinal Disorder NOS* | 0% | 2% | 1% | 4% | 4% | 0% | |
| Gingivitis | 4% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | |
| Gum Hyperplasia | 2% | 4% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 1% | |
| Nausea | 23% | 14% | 24% | 15% | 18% | 14% | |
| Rectal Hemorrhage | 0% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | |
| Stomatitis | 7% | 5% | 16% | 12% | 6% | 8% | |
| Vomiting | 9% | 8% | 14% | 7% | 6% | 5% | |
| Hearing and Vestibular Disorders | |||||||
| Ear Disorder NOS* | 0% | 5% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 0% | |
| Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders | |||||||
| Hypomagnesemia | 0% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | |
| Musculoskeletal System Disorders | |||||||
| Arthropathy | 0% | 5% | 0% | 1% | 4% | 0% | |
| Leg Cramps / Involuntary Muscle Contractions | 2% | 11% | 11% | 3% | 12% | 1% | |
| Psychiatric Disorders | |||||||
| Depression | 3% | 6% | 3% | 1% | 1% | 2% | |
| Insomnia | 4% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 3% | 2% | |
| Renal | |||||||
| Creatinine elevations > 30% | 43% | 39% | 55% | 19% | 48% | 13% | |
| Creatinine elevations > 50% | 24% | 18% | 26% | 8% | 18% | 3% | |
| Reproductive Disorders, Female | |||||||
| Leukorrhea | 1% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 1% | 0% | |
| Menstrual Disorder | 3% | 2% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 1% | |
| Respiratory System Disorders | |||||||
| Bronchitis | 1% | 3% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 3% | |
| Coughing | 5% | 3% | 5% | 7% | 4% | 4% | |
| Dyspnea | 5% | 1% | 3% | 3% | 1% | 2% | |
| Infection NOS* | 9% | 5% | 0% | 7% | 3% | 10% | |
| Pharyngitis | 3% | 5% | 5% | 6% | 4% | 4% | |
| Pneumonia | 1% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 1% | 1% | |
| Rhinitis | 0% | 3% | 11% | 10% | 1% | 0% | |
| Sinusitis | 4% | 4% | 8% | 4% | 3% | 3% | |
| Upper Respiratory Tract | 0% | 14% | 23% | 15% | 13% | 0% | |
| Skin and Appendag | |||||||
(See also BOXED WARNING)
All PatientsCyclosporine, the active ingredient of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]), can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. The risk increases with increasing doses of cyclosporine. Renal dysfunction including structural kidney damage is a potential consequence of Cequa® and therefore renal function must be monitored during therapy. Care should be taken in using cyclosporine with nephrotoxic drugs. (See PRECAUTIONS)
Patients receiving Cequa® require frequent monitoring of serum creatinine. (See Special Monitoring under DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) Elderly patients should be monitored with particular care, since decreases in renal function also occur with age. If patients are not properly monitored and doses are not properly adjusted, cyclosporine therapy can be associated with the occurrence of structural kidney damage and persistent renal dysfunction.
An increase in serum creatinine and BUN may occur during Cequa® therapy and reflect a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. Impaired renal function at any time requires close monitoring, and frequent dosage adjustment may be indicated. The frequency and severity of serum creatinine elevations increase with dose and duration of cyclosporine therapy. These elevations are likely to become more pronounced without dose reduction or discontinuation.
Because Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) is not bioequivalent to Sandimmune® Soft Gelatin Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP), conversion from Cequa® to Sandimmune® using a 1:1 ratio (mg/kg/day) may result in lower cyclosporine blood concentrations. Conversion from Cequa® to Sandimmune® should be made with increased monitoring to avoid the potential of underdosing.
Kidney, Liver, And Heart Transplant NephrotoxicityCyclosporine, the active ingredient of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]), can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity when used in high doses. It is not unusual for serum creatinine and BUN levels to be elevated during cyclosporine therapy. These elevations in renal transplant patients do not necessarily indicate rejection, and each patient must be fully evaluated before dosage adjustment is initiated.
Based on the historical Sandimmune® experience with oral solution, nephrotoxicity associated with cyclosporine had been noted in 25% of cases of renal transplantation, 38% of cases of cardiac transplantation, and 37% of cases of liver transplantation. Mild nephrotoxicity was generally noted 2 to 3 months after renal transplant and consisted of an arrest in the fall of the pre-operative elevations of BUN and creatinine at a range of 35 to 45 mg/dL and 2.0 to 2.5 mg/dL respectively. These elevations were often responsive to cyclosporine dosage reduction.
More overt nephrotoxicity was seen early after transplantation and was characterized by a rapidly rising BUN and creatinine. Since these events are similar to renal rejection episodes, care must be taken to differentiate between them. This form of nephrotoxicity is usually responsive to cyclosporine dosage reduction.
Although specific diagnostic criteria which reliably differentiate renal graft rejection from drug toxicity have not been found, a number of parameters have been significantly associated with one or the other. It should be noted however, that up to 20% of patients may have simultaneous nephrotoxicity and rejection.
Nephrotoxicity vs. Rejection
| Parameter | Nephrotoxicity | Rejection |
| History | Donor > 50 years old or hypotensive Prolonged kidney preservation Prolonged anastomosis time Concomitant nephrotoxic drugs | Anti-donor immune response Retransplant patient |
| Clinical | Often > 6 weeks postopb Prolonged initial nonfunction (acute tubular necrosis) | Often < 4 weeks postopb Fever > 37.5°C Weight gain > 0.5 kg Graft swelling and tenderness Decrease in daily urine volume > 500 mL (or 50%) |
| Laboratory | CyA serum trough level > 200 ng/mL Gradual rise in Cr ( < 0.15 mg/dL/day)a Cr plateau < 25% above baseline BUN/Cr ≥ 20 | CyA serum trough level < 150 ng/mL Rapid rise in Cr ( > 0.3 mg/dL/day)a Cr > 25% above baseline BUN/Cr < 20 |
| Biopsy | Arteriolopathy (medial hypertrophya, hyalinosis, nodular deposits, intimal thickening, endothelial vacuolization, progressive scarring) Tubular atrophy, isometric vacuolization, isolated calcifications Minimal edema Mild focal infiltratesc Diffuse interstitial fibrosis, often striped form | Endovasculitisc (proliferationa intimal arteritisb, necrosis, sclerosis) Tubulitis with RBCb and WBCb casts, some irregular vacuolization Interstitial edemac and hemorrhageb Diffuse moderate to severe mononuclear infiltratesd Glomerulitis (mononuclear cells)c |
| Aspiration Cytology | CyA deposits in tubular and endothelial cells Fine isometric vacuolization of tubular cells | Inflammatory infiltrate with mononuclear phagocytes, macrophages, lymphoblastoid cells, and activated T-cells These strongly express HLA-DR antigens |
| Urine Cytology | Tubular cells with vacuolization and granularization | Degenerative tubular cells, plasma cells, and lymphocyturia > 20% of sediment |
| Manometry Ultrasonography | Intracapsular pressure < 40 mm Hgb Unchanged graft cross sectional area | Intracapsular pressure > 40 mm Hgb Increase in graft cross sectional area AP diameter ≥ Transverse diameter |
| Magnetic Resonance Imagery | Normal appearance | Loss of distinct corticomedullary junction, swelling image intensity of parachyma approaching that of psoas, loss of hilar fat |
| Radionuclide Scan | Normal or generally decreased perfusion Decrease in tubular function 131 ( I-hippuran) > decrease in perfusion (99m Tc DTPA) | Patchy arterial flow Decrease in perfusion > decrease in tubular function Increased uptake of Indium 111 labeled platelets or Tc-99m in colloid |
| Therapy | Responds to decreased cyclosporine | Responds to increased steroids or antilymphocyte globulin |
| ap < 0.05, bp < 0.01, cp < 0.001, dp < 0.0001 |
A form of a cyclosporine-associated nephropathy is characterized by serial deterioration in renal function and morphologic changes in the kidneys. From 5% to 15% of transplant recipients who have received cyclosporine will fail to show a reduction in rising serum creatinine despite a decrease or discontinuation of cyclosporine therapy. Renal biopsies from these patients will demonstrate one or several of the following alterations: tubular vacuolization, tubular microcalcifications, peritubular capillary congestion, arteriolopathy, and a striped form of interstitial fibrosis with tubular atrophy. Though none of these morphologic changes is entirely specific, a diagnosis of cyclosporine-associated structural nephrotoxicity requires evidence of these findings.
When considering the development of cyclosporine-associated nephropathy, it is noteworthy that several authors have reported an association between the appearance of interstitial fibrosis and higher cumulative doses or persistently high circulating trough concentrations of cyclosporine.
This is particularly true during the first 6 post-transplant months when the dosage tends to be highest and when, in kidney recipients, the organ appears to be most vulnerable to the toxic effects of cyclosporine. Among other contributing factors to the development of interstitial fibrosis in these patients are prolonged perfusion time, warm ischemia time, as well as episodes of acute toxicity, and acute and chronic rejection. The reversibility of interstitial fibrosis and its correlation to renal function have not yet been determined. Reversibility of arteriolopathy has been reported after stopping cyclosporine or lowering the dosage.
Impaired renal function at any time requires close monitoring, and frequent dosage adjustment may be indicated.
In the event of severe and unremitting rejection, when rescue therapy with pulse steroids and monoclonal antibodies fail to reverse the rejection episode, it may be preferable to switch to alternative immunosuppressive therapy rather than increase the Cequa® dose to excessive blood concentrations.
Due to the potential for additive or synergistic impairment of renal function, caution should be exercised when coadministering Cequa® with other drugs that may impair renal function. (See PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS)
Thrombotic MicroangiopathyOccasionally patients have developed a syndrome of thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia which may result in graft failure. The vasculopathy can occur in the absence of rejection and is accompanied by avid platelet consumption within the graft as demonstrated by Indium 111 labeled platelet studies. Neither the pathogenesis nor the management of this syndrome is clear. Though resolution has occurred after reduction or discontinuation of cyclosporine and 1) administration of streptokinase and heparin or 2) plasmapheresis, this appears to depend upon early detection with Indium 111 labeled platelet scans. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS)
HyperkalemiaSignificant hyperkalemia (sometimes associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis) and hyperuricemia have been seen occasionally in individual patients.
HepatotoxicityCases of hepatotoxicity and liver injury including cholestasis, jaundice, hepatitis, and liver failure have been reported in patients treated with cyclosporine. Most reports included patients with significant co-morbidities, underlying conditions and other confounding factors including infectious complications and comedications with hepatotoxic potential. In some cases, mainly in transplant patients, fatal outcomes have been reported. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS, Postmarketing Experience, Kidney, Liver and Heart Transplantation)
Hepatotoxicity, usually manifested by elevations in hepatic enzymes and bilirubin, was reported in patients treated with cyclosporine in clinical trials: 4% in renal transplantation, 7% in cardiac transplantation, and 4% in liver transplantation. This was usually noted during the first month of therapy when high doses of cyclosporine were used. The chemistry elevations usually decreased with a reduction in dosage.
MalignanciesAs in patients receiving other immunosuppressants, those patients receiving cyclosporine are at increased risk for development of lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly those of the skin. Patients taking cyclosporine should be warned to avoid excess ultraviolet light exposure. The increased risk appears related to the intensity and duration of immunosuppression rather than to the use of specific agents. Because of the danger of oversuppression of the immune system resulting in increased risk of infection or malignancy, a treatment regimen containing multiple immunosuppressants should be used with caution. Some malignancies may be fatal. Transplant patients receiving cyclosporine are at increased risk for serious infection with fatal outcome.
Serious InfectionsPatients receiving immunosuppressants, including Cequa®, are at increased risk of developing bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections, including opportunistic infections. These infections may lead to serious, including fatal, outcomes. (See BOXED WARNING and ADVERSE REACTIONS)
Polyoma Virus InfectionsPatients receiving immunosuppressants, including Cequa®, are at increased risk for opportunistic infections, including polyoma virus infections. Polyoma virus infections in transplant patients may have serious, and sometimes, fatal outcomes. These include cases of JC virus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and polyoma virus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), especially due to BK virus infection, which have been observed in patients receiving cyclosporine. PVAN is associated with serious outcomes, including deteriorating renal function and renal graft loss, (See ADVERSE REACTIONS, Postmarketing Experience, Kidney, Liver and Heart Transplantation). Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for PVAN.
Cases of PML have been reported in patients treated with Cequa®. PML, which is sometimes fatal, commonly presents with hemiparesis, apathy, confusion, cognitive deficiencies and ataxia. Risk factors for PML include treatment with immunosuppressant therapies and impairment of immune function. In immunosuppressed patients, physicians should consider PML in the differential diagnosis in patients reporting neurological symptoms and consultation with a neurologist should be considered as clinically indicated.
Consideration should be given to reducing the total immunosuppression in transplant patients who develop PML or PVAN. However, reduced immunosuppression may place the graft at risk.
NeurotoxicityThere have been reports of convulsions in adult and pediatric patients receiving cyclosporine, particularly in combination with high dose methylprednisolone.
Encephalopathy, including Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES), has been described both in post-marketing reports and in the literature. Manifestations include impaired consciousness, convulsions, visual disturbances (including blindness), loss of motor function, movement disorders and psychiatric disturbances. In many cases, changes in the white matter have been detected using imaging techniques and pathologic specimens. Predisposing factors such as hypertension, hypomagnesemia, hypocholesterolemia, high-dose corticosteroids, high cyclosporine blood concentrations, and graft-versus-host disease have been noted in many but not all of the reported cases. The changes in most cases have been reversible upon discontinuation of cyclosporine, and in some cases improvement was noted after reduction of dose. It appears that patients receiving liver transplant are more susceptible to encephalopathy than those receiving kidney transplant. Another rare manifestation of cyclosporine-induced neurotoxicity, occurring in transplant patients more frequently than in other indications, is optic disc edema including papilloedema, with possible visual impairment, secondary to benign intracranial hypertension.
Care should be taken in using cyclosporine with nephrotoxic drugs. (See PRECAUTIONS)
Rheumatoid ArthritisCyclosporine nephropathy was detected in renal biopsies of 6 out of 60 (10%) rheumatoid arthritis patients after the average treatment duration of 19 months. Only one patient, out of these 6 patients, was treated with a dose ≤ 4 mg/kg/day. Serum creatinine improved in all but one patient after discontinuation of cyclosporine. The “maximal creatinine increase” appears to be a factor in predicting cyclosporine nephropathy.
There is a potential, as with other immunosuppressive agents, for an increase in the occurrence of malignant lymphomas with cyclosporine. It is not clear whether the risk with cyclosporine is greater than that in rheumatoid arthritis patients or in rheumatoid arthritis patients on cytotoxic treatment for this indication. Five cases of lymphoma were detected: four in a survey of approximately 2,300 patients treated with cyclosporine for rheumatoid arthritis, and another case of lymphoma was reported in a clinical trial. Although other tumors (12 skin cancers, 24 solid tumors of diverse types, and 1 multiple myeloma) were also reported in this survey, epidemiologic analyses did not support a relationship to cyclosporine other than for malignant lymphomas.
Patients should be thoroughly evaluated before and during Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) treatment for the development of malignancies. Moreover, use of Cequa® therapy with other immunosuppressive agents may induce an excessive immunosuppression which is known to increase the risk of malignancy.
Psoriasis(See also BOXED WARNING for Psoriasis)
Since cyclosporine is a potent immunosuppressive agent with a number of potentially serious side effects, the risks and benefits of using Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) should be considered before treatment of patients with psoriasis. Cyclosporine, the active ingredient in Cequa®, can cause nephrotoxicity and hypertension (See PRECAUTIONS) and the risk increases with increasing dose and duration of therapy. Patients who may be at increased risk such as those with abnormal renal function, uncontrolled hypertension or malignancies, should not receive Cequa®.
Renal dysfunction is a potential consequence of Cequa®, therefore renal function must be monitored during therapy.
Patients receiving Cequa® require frequent monitoring of serum creatinine. (See Special Monitoring under DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) Elderly patients should be monitored with particular care, since decreases in renal function also occur with age. If patients are not properly monitored and doses are not properly adjusted, cyclosporine therapy can cause structural kidney damage and persistent renal dysfunction.
An increase in serum creatinine and BUN may occur during Cequa® therapy and reflects a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate.
Kidney biopsies from 86 psoriasis patients treated for a mean duration of 23 months with 1.2 to 7.6 mg/kg/day of cyclosporine showed evidence of cyclosporine nephropathy in 18/86 (21%) of the patients. The pathology consisted of renal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. On repeat biopsy of 13 of these patients maintained on various dosages of cyclosporine for a mean of 2 additional years, the number with cyclosporine induced nephropathy rose to 26/86 (30%). The majority of patients (19/26) were on a dose of ≥ 5.0 mg/kg/day (the highest recommended dose is 4 mg/kg/day). The patients were also on cyclosporine for greater than 15 months (18/26) and/or had a clinically significant increase in serum creatinine for greater than 1 month (21/26). Creatinine levels returned to normal range in 7 of 11 patients in whom cyclosporine therapy was discontinued.
There is an increased risk for the development of skin and lymphoproliferative malignancies in cyclosporine-treated psoriasis patients. The relative risk of malignancies is comparable to that observed in psoriasis patients treated with other immunosuppressive agents.
Tumors were reported in 32 (2.2%) of 1439 psoriasis patients treated with cyclosporine worldwide from clinical trials. Additional tumors have been reported in 7 patients in cyclosporine postmarketing experience. Skin malignancies were reported in 16 (1.1%) of these patients; all but 2 of them had previously received PUVA therapy. Methotrexate was received by 7 patients. UVB and coal tar had been used by 2 and 3 patients, respectively. Seven patients had either a history of previous skin cancer or a potentially predisposing lesion was present prior to cyclosporine exposure. Of the 16 patients with skin cancer, 11 patients had 18 squamous cell carcinomas and 7 patients had 10 basal cell carcinomas.
There were two lymphoproliferative malignancies; one case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which required chemotherapy, and one case of mycosis fungoides which regressed spontaneously upon discontinuation of cyclosporine. There were four cases of benign lymphocytic infiltration: 3 regressed spontaneously upon discontinuation of cyclosporine, while the fourth regressed despite continuation of the drug. The remainder of the malignancies, 13 cases (0.9%), involved various organs.
Patients should not be treated concurrently with cyclosporine and PUVA or UVB, other radiation therapy, or other immunosuppressive agents, because of the possibility of excessive immunosuppression and the subsequent risk of malignancies. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS) Patients should also be warned to protect themselves appropriately when in the sun, and to avoid excessive sun exposure. Patients should be thoroughly evaluated before and during treatment for the presence of malignancies remembering that malignant lesions may be hidden by psoriatic plaques. Skin lesions not typical of psoriasis should be biopsied before starting treatment. Patients should be treated with Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) only after complete resolution of suspicious lesions, and only if there are no other treatment options. (See Special Monitoring for Psoriasis Patients)
Special ExcipientsAlcohol (ethanol)
The alcohol content (See DESCRIPTION) of Cequa® should be taken into account when given to patients in whom alcohol intake should be avoided or minimized, e.g., pregnant or breastfeeding women, in patients presenting with liver disease or epilepsy, in alcoholic patients, or pediatric patients. For an adult weighing 70 kg, the maximum daily oral dose would deliver about 1 gram of alcohol which is approximately 6% of the amount of alcohol contained in a standard drink.
PRECAUTIONS General HypertensionCyclosporine is the active ingredient of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]). Hypertension is a common side effect of cyclosporine therapy which may persist. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for monitoring recommendations) Mild or moderate hypertension is encountered more frequently than severe hypertension and the incidence decreases over time. In recipients of kidney, liver, and heart allografts treated with cyclosporine, antihypertensive therapy may be required. (See Special Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriasis Patients) However, since cyclosporine may cause hyperkalemia, potassium-sparing diuretics should not be used. While calcium antagonists can be effective agents in treating cyclosporine-associated hypertension, they can interfere with cyclosporine metabolism. (See DRUG INTERACTIONS)
VaccinationDuring treatment with cyclosporine, vaccination may be less effective; and the use of live attenuated vaccines should be avoided.
Special Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis PatientsBefore initiating treatment, a careful physical examination, including blood pressure measurements (on at least two occasions) and two creatinine levels to estimate baseline should be performed. Blood pressure and serum creatinine should be evaluated every 2 weeks during the initial 3 months and then monthly if the patient is stable. It is advisable to monitor serum creatinine and blood pressure always after an increase of the dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and after initiation of new NSAID therapy during Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) treatment. If coadministered with methotrexate, CBC and liver function tests are recommended to be monitored monthly. (See also PRECAUTIONS, General, Hypertension)
In patients who are receiving cyclosporine, the dose of Cequa® should be decreased by 25% to 50% if hypertension occurs. If hypertension persists, the dose of Cequa® should be further reduced or blood pressure should be controlled with antihypertensive agents. In most cases, blood pressure has returned to baseline when cyclosporine was discontinued.
In placebo-controlled trials of rheumatoid arthritis patients, systolic hypertension (defined as an occurrence of two systolic blood pressure readings > 140 mmHg) and diastolic hypertension (defined as two diastolic blood pressure readings > 90 mmHg) occurred in 33% and 19% of patients treated with cyclosporine, respectively. The corresponding placebo rates were 22% and 8%.
Special Monitoring for Psoriasis PatientsBefore initiating treatment, a careful dermatological and physical examination, including blood pressure measurements (on at least two occasions) should be performed. Since Cequa® (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) is an immunosuppressive agent, patients should be evaluated for the presence of occult infection on their first physical examination and for the presence of tumors initially, and throughout treatment with Cequa®. Skin lesions not typical for psoriasis should be biopsied before starting Cequa®. Patients with malignant or premalignant changes of the skin should be treated with Cequa® only after appropriate treatment of such lesions and if no other treatment option exists.
Baseline laboratories should include serum creatinine (on two occasions), BUN, CBC, serum magnesium, potassium, uric acid, and lipids.
The risk of cyclosporine nephropathy is reduced when the starting dose is low (2.5 mg/kg/day), the maximum dose does not exceed 4.0 mg/kg/day, serum creatinine is monitored regularly while cyclosporine is administered, and the dose of Cequa® is decreased when the rise in creatinine is greater than or equal to 25% above the patient's pretreatment level. The increase in creatinine is generally reversible upon timely decrease of the dose of Cequa® or its discontinuation.
Serum creatinine and BUN should be evaluated every 2 weeks during the initial 3 months of therapy and then monthly if the patient is stable. If the serum creatinine is greater than or equal to 25% above the patient's pretreatment level, serum creatinine should be repeated within two weeks. If the change in serum creatinine remains greater than or equal to 25% above baseline, Cequa® should be reduced by 25% to 50%. If at any time the serum creatinine increases by greater than or equal to 50% above pretreatment level, Cequa® should be reduced by 25% to 50%. Cequa® should be discontinued if reversibility (within 25% of baseline) of serum creatinine is not achievable after two dosage modifications. It is advisable to monitor serum creatinine after an increase of the dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and after initiation of new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy during Cequa® treatment.
Blood pressure should be evaluated every 2 weeks during the initial 3 months of therapy and then monthly if the patient is stable, or more frequently when dosage adjustments are made. Patients without a history of previous hypertension before initiation of treatment with Cequa®, should have the drug reduced by 25%-50% if found to have sustained hypertension. If the patient continues to be hypertensive despite multiple reductions of Cequa®, then Cequa® should be discontinued. For patients with treated hypertension, before the initiation of Cequa® therapy, their medication should be adjusted to control hypertension while on Cequa®. Cequa® should be discontinued if a change in hypertension management is not effective or tolerable.
CBC, uric acid, potassium, lipids, and magnesium should also be monitored every 2 weeks for the first 3 months of therapy, and then monthly if the patient is stable or more frequently when dosage adjustments are made. Cequa® dosage should be reduced by 25%-50% for any abnormality of clinical concern.
In controlled trials of cyclosporine in psoriasis patients, cyclosporine blood concentrations did not correlate well with either improvement or with side effects such as renal dysfunction.
Laboratory TestsIn all patients treated with cyclosporine, renal and liver functions should be assessed repeatedly by measurement of serum creatinine, BUN, serum bilirubin, and liver enzymes. Serum lipids, magnesium, and potassium should also be monitored. Cyclosporine blood concentrations should be routinely monitored in transplant patients (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Blood Concentration Monitoring in Transplant Patients), and periodically monitored in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, And Impairment Of FertilityCarcinogenicity studies were carried out in male and female rats and mice. In the 78-week mouse study, evidence of a statistically significant trend was found for lymphocytic lymphomas in females, and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in mid-dose males significantly exceeded the control value. In the 24-month rat study, pancreatic islet cell adenomas significantly exceeded the control rate in the low dose level. Doses used in the mouse and rat studies were 0.01 to 0.16 times the clinical maintenance dose (6 mg/kg). The hepatocellular carcinomas and pancreatic islet cell adenomas were not dose related. Published reports indicate that co-treatment of hairless mice with UV irradiation and cyclosporine or other immunosuppressive agents shorten the time to skin tumor formation compared to UV irradiation alone.
Cyclosporine was not mutagenic in appropriate test systems. Cyclosporine has not been found to be mutagenic/genotoxic in the Ames Test, the V79-HGPRT Test, the micronucleus test in mice and Chinese hamsters, the chromosome-aberration tests in Chinese hamster bone-marrow, the mouse dominant lethal assay, and the DNA-repair test in sperm from treated mice. A recent study analyzing sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction by cyclosporine using human lymphocytes in vitro gave indication of a positive effect (i.e., induction of SCE), at high concentrations in this system. In two published research studies, rabbits exposed to cyclosporine in utero (10 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) demonstrated reduced numbers of nephrons, renal hypertrophy, systemic hypertension and progressive renal insufficiency up to 35 weeks of age. Pregnant rats which received 12 mg/kg/day of cyclosporine intravenously (twice the recommended human intravenous dose) had fetuses with an increased incidence of ventricular septal defect. These findings have not been demonstrated in other species and their relevance for humans is unknown.
No impairment in fertility was demonstrated in studies in male and female rats.
Widely distributed papillomatosis of the skin was observed after chronic treatment of dogs with cyclosporine at 9 times the human initial psoriasis treatment dose of 2.5 mg/kg, where doses are expressed on a body surface area basis. This papillomatosis showed a spontaneous regression upon discontinuation of cyclosporine.
An increased
WARNINGS Kidney, Liver, And Heart Transplant(See BOXED WARNING): Cequa (cyclosporine), when used in high doses, can cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
NephrotoxicityIt is not unusual for serum creatinine and BUN levels to be elevated during Cequa (cyclosporine) therapy. These elevations in renal transplant patients do not necessarily indicate rejection, and each patient must be fully evaluated before dosage adjustment is initiated.
Nephrotoxicity has been noted in 25% of cases of renal transplantation, 38% of cases of cardiac transplantation, and 37% of cases of liver transplantation. Mild nephrotoxicity was generally noted 2 to 3 months after transplant and consisted of an arrest in the fall of the preoperative elevations of BUN and creatinine at a range of 35 to 45 mg/dl and 2.0 to 2.5 mg/dl, respectively. These elevations were often responsive to dosage reduction.
More overt nephrotoxicity was seen early after transplantation and was characterized by a rapidly rising BUN and creatinine. Since these events are similar to rejection episodes, care must be taken to differentiate between them. This form of nephrotoxicity is usually responsive to Cequa (cyclosporine) dosage reduction.
Although specific diagnostic criteria which reliably differentiate renal graft rejection from drug toxicity have not been found, a number of parameters have been significantly associated to one or the other. It should be noted however, that up to 20% of patients may have simultaneous nephrotoxicity and rejection.
| Parameter | Nephrotoxicity | Rejection |
| History | Donor > 50 years old or hypotensive Prolonged kidney preservation Prolonged anastomosis time Concomitant nephrotoxic drugs | Antidonor immune response Retransplant patient |
| Clinical | Often > 6 weeks postopbProlonged initial nonfunction (acute tubular necrosis) | Often < 4 weeks postopb Fever > 37.5°C |
| Laboratory | CyA serum trough level > 200 ng/mL Gradual rise in Cr ( < 0.15 mg/dL/day)a Cr plateau < 25% above baseline BUN/Cr ≥ 20 | Weight gain > 0.5 kg Graft swelling and tenderness Decrease in daily urine volume > 500 mL (or 50%) CyA serum trough level < 150 ng/mL Rapid rise in Cr ( > 0.3 mg/dL/day)a Cr > 25% above baseline BUN/Cr < 20 |
| Biopsy | Arteriolopathy (medial hypertrophya, hyalinosis, nodular deposits, intimal thickening, endothelial vacuolization, progressive scarring) | Endovasculitisc (proliferationa, intimal arteritisb, necrosis, sclerosis) |
| Tubular atrophy, isometric vacuolization, isolated calcifications Minimal edema Mild focal infiltratesc Diffuse interstitial fibrosis, often striped form | Tubulitis with RBCb and WBCb casts, some irregular vacuolization Interstitial edemac and hemorrhageb Diffuse moderate to severe mononuclear infiltratesd Glomerulitis (mononuclear cells)c | |
| Aspiration Cytology | CyA deposits in tubular and endothelial cells | Inflammatory infiltrate with mononuclear phagocytes, macrophages, lymphoblastoid cells, and activated T-cells |
| Fine isometric vacuolization of tubular cells | These strongly express HLA-DR antigens | |
| Urine Cytology | Tubular cells with vacuolization and granularization | Degenerative tubular cells, plasma cells, and lymphocyturia > 20% of sediment |
| Manometry Ultrasonography | Intracapsular pressure < 40 mm Hgb Unchanged graft cross-sectional area | Intracapsular pressure > 40 mm Hgb Increase in graft cross-sectional area AP diameter ≥ Transverse diameter |
| Magnetic Resonance Imagery | Normal appearance | Loss of distinct corticomedullary junction, swelling, image intensity of parachyma approaching that of psoas, loss of hilar fat |
| Radionuclide Scan | Normal or generally decreased perfusion Decrease in tubular function (131 I-hippuran) > decrease in perfusion (99m Tc DTPA) | Patchy arterial flow Decrease in perfusion > decrease in tubular function Increased uptake of Indium 111 labeled platelets or Tc-99m in colloid |
| Therapy | Responds to decreased Cequa® (cyclosporine) | Responds to increased steroids or antilymphocyte globulin |
| ap < 0.05, bp < 0.01, cp < 0.001, dp < 0.0001 | ||
A form of chronic progressive cyclosporine-associated nephrotoxicity is characterized by serial deterioration in renal function and morphologic changes in the kidneys. From 5% to 15% of transplant recipients will fail to show a reduction in a rising serum creatinine despite a decrease or discontinuation of cyclosporine therapy. Renal biopsies from these patients will demonstrate an interstitial fibrosis with tubular atrophy. In addition, toxic tubulopathy, peritubular capillary congestion, arteriolopathy, and a striped form of interstitial fibrosis with tubular atrophy may be present. Though none of these morphologic changes is entirely specific, a histologic diagnosis of chronic progressive cyclosporine-associated nephrotoxicity requires evidence of these.
When considering the development of chronic nephrotoxicity it is noteworthy that several authors have reported an association between the appearance of interstitial fibrosis and higher cumulative doses or persistently high circulating trough concentrations of cyclosporine. This is particularly true during the first 6 posttransplant months when the dosage tends to be highest and when, in kidney recipients, the organ appears to be most vulnerable to the toxic effects of cyclosporine. Among other contributing factors to the development of interstitial fibrosis in these patients must be included, prolonged perfusion time, warm ischemia time, as well as episodes of acute toxicity, and acute and chronic rejection. The reversibility of interstitial fibrosis and its correlation to renal function have not yet been determined.
Impaired renal function at any time requires close monitoring, and frequent dosage adjustment may be indicated. In patients with persistent high elevations of BUN and creatinine who are unresponsive to dosage adjustments, consideration should be given to switching to other immunosuppressive therapy. In the event of severe and unremitting rejection, it is preferable to allow the kidney transplant to be rejected and removed rather than increase the Cequa (cyclosporine) dosage to a very high level in an attempt to reverse the rejection.
Due to the potential for additive or synergistic impairment of renal function, caution should be exercised when coadministering Cequa with other drugs that may impair renal function. (See PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS)
Thrombotic MicroangiopathyOccasionally patients have developed a syndrome of thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia which may result in graft failure. The vasculopathy can occur in the absence of rejection and is accompanied by avid platelet consumption within the graft as demonstrated by Indium 111 labeled platelet studies. Neither the pathogenesis nor the management of this syndrome is clear. Though resolution has occurred after reduction or discontinuation of Cequa (cyclosporine) and 1) administration of streptokinase and heparin or 2) plasmapheresis, this appears to depend upon early detection with Indium 111 labeled platelet scans. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS)
HyperkalemiaSignificant hyperkalemia (sometimes associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis) and hyperuricemia have been seen occasionally in individual patients.
HepatotoxicityCases of hepatotoxicity and liver injury including cholestasis, jaundice, hepatitis, and liver failure have been reported in patients treated with cyclosporine. Most reports included patients with significant coÂmorbidities, underlying conditions and other confounding factors including infectious complications and comedications with hepatotoxic potential. In some cases, mainly in transplant patients, fatal outcomes have been reported (See ADVERSE REACTIONS, Postmarketing Experience)
Hepatotoxicity, usually manifested by elevations in hepatic enzymes and bilirubin, was reported in patients treated with cyclosporine in clinical trials: 4% in renal transplantation, 7% in cardiac transplantation, and 4% in liver transplantation. This was usually noted during the first month of therapy when high doses of Cequa (cyclosporine) were used. The chemistry elevations usually decreased with a reduction in dosage.
MalignanciesAs in patients receiving other immunosuppressants, those patients receiving Cequa (cyclosporine) are at increased risk for development of lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly those of the skin. The increased risk appears related to the intensity and duration of immunosuppression rather than to the use of specific agents. Because of the danger of oversuppression of the immune system, which can also increase susceptibility to infection, Cequa (cyclosporine) should not be administered with other immunosuppressive agents except adrenal corticosteroids. The efficacy and safety of cyclosporine in combination with other immunosuppressive agents have not been determined. Some malignancies may be fatal. Transplant patients receiving cyclosporine are at increased risk for serious infection with fatal outcome.
Serious InfectionsPatients receiving immunosuppressants, including Cequa, are at increased risk of developing bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections, including opportunistic infections. These infections may lead to serious, including fatal, outcomes (See BOXED WARNING, and ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Polyoma Virus InfectionsPatients receiving immunosuppressants, including Cequa, are at increased risk for opportunistic infections, including polyoma virus infections. Polyoma virus infections in transplant patients may have serious, and sometimes, fatal outcomes. These include cases of JC virus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and polyoma virus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), especially due to BK virus infection, which have been observed in patients receiving cyclosporine.
PVAN is associated with serious outcomes, including deteriorating renal function and renal graft loss, (See ADVERSE REACTIONS/Postmarketing Experience). Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for PVAN.
Cases of PML have been reported in patients treated with cyclosporine_ PML, which is sometimes fatal, commonly presents with hemiparesis, apathy, confusion, cognitive deficiencies and ataxia. Risk factors for PML include treatment with immunosuppressant therapies and impairment of immune function. In immunosuppressed patients, physicians should consider PML in the differential diagnosis in patients reporting neurological symptoms and consultation with a neurologist should be considered as clinically indicated.
Consideration should be given to reducing the total immunosuppression in transplant patients who develop PML or PVAN. However, reduced immunosuppression may place the graft at risk.
NeurotoxicityThere have been reports of convulsions in adult and pediatric patients receiving cyclosporine, particularly in combination with high-dose methylprednisolone.
Encephalopathy, including Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES), has been described both in postmarketing reports and in the literature. Manifestations include impaired consciousness, convulsions, visual disturbances (including blindness), loss of motor function, movement disorders and psychiatric disturbances. In many cases, changes in the white matter have been detected using imaging techniques and pathologic specimens. Predisposing factors such as hypertension, hypomagnesemia, hypocholesterolemia, high-dose corticosteroids, high cyclosporine blood concentrations, and graft-versus-host disease have been noted in many but not all of the reported cases. The changes in most cases have been reversible upon discontinuation of cyclosporine, and in some cases, improvement was noted after reduction of dose. It appears that patients receiving liver transplant are more susceptible to encephalopathy than those receiving kidney transplant. Another rare manifestation of cyclosporine-induced neurotoxicity is optic disc edema including papilloedema, with possible visual impairment, secondary to benign intracranial hypertension.
Specific Excipients Anaphylactic ReactionsRarely (approximately 1 in 1000), patients receiving Cequa Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP) have experienced anaphylactic reactions. Although the exact cause of these reactions is unknown, it is believed to be due to the Cremophor EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil) used as the vehicle for the intravenous (IV) formulation. These reactions can consist of flushing of the face and upper thorax, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, with acute respiratory distress, dyspnea, wheezing, blood pressure changes, and tachycardia. One patient died after respiratory arrest and aspiration pneumonia. In some cases, the reaction subsided after the infusion was stopped.
Patients receiving Cequa Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP) should be under continuous observation for at least the first 30 minutes following the start of the infusion and at frequent intervals thereafter. If anaphylaxis occurs, the infusion should be stopped. An aqueous solution of epinephrine 1:1000 should be available at the bedside as well as a source of oxygen.
Anaphylactic reactions have not been reported with the soft gelatin capsules or oral solution which lack Cremophor EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil). In fact, patients experiencing anaphylactic reactions have been treated subsequently with the soft gelatin capsules or oral solution without incident.
Alcohol (ethanol)The alcohol content (See DESCRIPTION) of Cequa should be taken into account when given to patients in whom alcohol intake should be avoided or minimized, e.g. pregnant or breastfeeding women, in patients presenting with liver disease or epilepsy, in alcoholic patients, or pediatric patients. For an adult weighing 70 kg, the maximum daily oral dose would deliver about 1 gram of alcohol which is approximately 6% of the amount of alcohol contained in a standard drink. The daily intravenous dose would deliver approximately 15% of the amount of alcohol contained in a standard drink.
Care should be taken in using Cequa (cyclosporine) with nephrotoxic drugs. (See PRECAUTIONS)
Conversion from Neoral to CequaBecause Cequa (cyclosporine) is not bioequivalent to Neoral, conversion from Neoral to Cequa (cyclosporine) using a 1:1 ratio (mg/kg/day) may result in a lower cyclosporine blood concentration. Conversion from Neoral to Cequa (cyclosporine) should be made with increased blood concentration monitoring to avoid the potential of underdosing.
PRECAUTIONS GeneralPatients with malabsorption may have difficulty in achieving therapeutic concentrations with Cequa Soft Gelatin Capsules or Oral Solution.
HypertensionHypertension is a common side effect of Cequa (cyclosporine) therapy. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS) Mild or moderate hypertension is more frequently encountered than severe hypertension and the incidence decreases over time. Antihypertensive therapy may be required. Control of blood pressure can be accomplished with any of the common antihypertensive agents. However, since cyclosporine may cause hyperkalemia, potassium-sparing diuretics should not be used. While calcium antagonists can be effective agents in treating cyclosporine-associated hypertension, care should be taken since interference with cyclosporine metabolism may require a dosage adjustment. (See DRUG INTERACTIONS)
VaccinationDuring treatment with Cequa (cyclosporine), vaccination may be less effective and the use of live attenuated vaccines should be avoided.
Laboratory TestsRenal and liver functions should be assessed repeatedly by measurement of BUN, serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, and liver enzymes.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, And Impairment Of FertilityCyclosporine gave no evidence of mutagenic or teratogenic effects in appropriate test systems. Only at dose levels toxic to dams, were adverse effects seen in reproduction studies in rats. (See Pregnancy)
Carcinogenicity studies were carried out in male and female rats and mice. In the 78-week mouse study, at doses of 1, 4, and 16 mg/kg/day, evidence of a statistically significant trend was found for lymphocytic lymphomas in females, and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in mid-dose males significantly exceeded the control value. In the 24–month rat study, conducted at 0.5, 2, and 8 mg/kg/day, pancreatic islet cell adenomas significantly exceeded the control rate in the low-dose level. The hepatocellular carcinomas and pancreatic islet cell adenomas were not dose related.
No impairment in fertility was demonstrated in studies in male and female rats.
Cyclosporine has not been found mutagenic/genotoxic in the Ames Test, the V79-HGPRT Test, the micronucleus test in mice and Chinese hamsters, the chromosome-aberration tests in Chinese hamster bone marrow, the mouse dominant lethal assay, and the DNA-repair test in sperm from treated mice. A recent study analyzing sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction by cyclosporine using human lymphocytes in vitro gave indication of a positive effect (i.e., induction of SCE), at high concentrations in this system. In two published research studies, rabbits exposed to cyclosporine in utero (10 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) demonstrated reduced numbers of nephrons, renal hypertrophy, systemic hypertension and progressive renal insufficiency up to 35 weeks of age. Pregnant rats which received 12 mg/kg/day of cyclosporine intravenously (twice the recommended human intravenous dose) had fetuses with an increased incidence of ventricular septal defect. These findings have not been demonstrated in other species and their relevance for humans is unknown.
An increased incidence of malignancy is a recognized complication of immunosuppression in recipients of organ transplants. The most common forms of neoplasms are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and carcinomas of the skin. The risk of malignancies in cyclosporine recipients is higher than in the normal, healthy population, but similar to that in patients receiving other immunosuppressive therapies. It has been reported that reduction or discontinuance of immunosuppression may cause the lesions to regress.
Pregnancy Pregnancy Category CAnimal studies have shown reproductive toxicity in rats and rabbits. Cyclosporine gave no evidence of mutagenic or teratogenic effects in the standard test systems with oral application (rats up to 17 mg/kg and rabbits up to 30 mg/kg per day orally). Cequa Oral Solution (cyclosporine oral solution, USP) has been shown to be embryo-and fetotoxic in rats and rabbits when given in doses 2-5 times the human dose. At toxic doses (rats at 30 mg/kg/day and rabbits at 100 mg/kg/day), Cequa Oral Solution (cyclosporine oral solution, USP) was embryo-and fetotoxic as indicated by increased pre-and postnatal mortality and reduced fetal weight together with related skeletal retardations. In the well-tolerated dose range (rats at up to 17 mg/kg/day and rabbits at up to 30 mg/kg/day), Cequa Oral Solution (cyclosporine oral solution, USP) proved to be without any embryolethal or teratogenic effects.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women and therefore, Cequa (cyclosporine) should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
In pregnant transplant recipients who are being treated with immunosuppressants, the risk of premature birth is increased. The following data represent the reported outcomes of 116 pregnancies in women receiving Cequa (cyclosporine) during pregnancy, 90% of whom were transplant patients, and most of whom received Cequa (cyclosporine) throughout the entire gestational period. Since most of the patients were not prospectively identified, the results are likely to be biased toward negative outcomes. The only consistent patterns of abnormality were premature birth (gestational period of 28 to 36 weeks) and low birth weight for gestational age. It is not possible to separate the effects of Cequa (cyclosporine) on these pregnancies from the effects of the other immunosuppressants, the underlying maternal disorders, or other aspects of the transplantation milieu. Sixteen fetal losses occurred. Most of the pregnancies (85 of 100) were complicated by disorders; including, preeclampsia, eclampsia, premature labor, abruptio placentae, oligohydramnios, Rh incompatibility and fetoplacental dysfunction. Preterm delivery occurred in 47%. Seven malformations were reported in 5 viable infants and in 2 cases of fetal loss. Twenty-eight percent of the infants were small for gestational age. Neonatal complications occurred in 27%. In a report of 23 children followed up to 4 years, postnatal development was said to be normal. More information on cyclosporine use in pregnancy is available from Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.
A limited number of observations in children exposed to cyclosporine in utero are available, up to an age of approximately 7 years. Renal function and blood pressure in these children were normal.
The alcohol content of the Cequa formulations should also be taken into account in pregnant women. (See WARNINGS, Special Excipients)
Nursing MothersCyclosporine is present in breast milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse drug reactions in nursing infants from Cequa, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Cequa contains ethanol. Ethanol will be present in human milk at levels similar to that found in maternal serum and if present in breast milk will be orally absorbed by a nursing infant. (See WARNINGS)
Pediatric UseAlthough no adequate and well-controlled studies have been conducted in children, patients as young as 6 months of age have received the drug with no unusual adverse effects.
Geriatric UseClinical studies of Cequa (cyclosporine) did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) has increased bioavailability in comparison to Sandimmune® Soft Gelatin Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP). Cequa® and Sandimmune® are not bioequivalent and cannot be used interchangeably without physician supervision.
The daily dose of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) should always be given in two divided doses (BID). It is recommended that Cequa® be administered on a consistent schedule with regard to time of day and relation to meals. Grapefruit and grapefruit juice affect metabolism, increasing blood concentration of cyclosporine, thus should be avoided.
Specific Populations Renal Impairment in Kidney, Liver, and Heart TransplantationCyclosporine undergoes minimal renal elimination and its pharmacokinetics do not appear to be significantly altered in patients with end-stage renal disease who receive routine hemodialysis treatments (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). However, due to its nephrotoxic potential (See WARNINGS), careful monitoring of renal function is recommended; cyclosporine dosage should be reduced if indicated. (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS)
Renal Impairment in Rheumatoid Arthritis and PsoriasisPatients with impaired renal function should not receive cyclosporine. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS)
Hepatic ImpairmentThe clearance of cyclosporine may be significantly reduced in severe liver disease patients (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). Dose reduction may be necessary in patients with severe liver impairment to maintain blood concentrations within the recommended target range (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS).
Newly Transplanted PatientsThe initial oral dose of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) can be given 4 to 12 hours prior to transplantation or be given postoperatively. The initial dose of Cequa® varies depending on the transplanted organ and the other immunosuppressive agents included in the immunosuppressive protocol. In newly transplanted patients, the initial oral dose of Cequa® is the same as the initial oral dose of Sandimmune®. Suggested initial doses are available from the results of a 1994 survey of the use of Sandimmune® in US transplant centers. The mean ± SD initial doses were 9±3 mg/kg/day for renal transplant patients (75 centers), 8±4 mg/kg/day for liver transplant patients (30 centers), and 7±3 mg/kg/day for heart transplant patients (24 centers). Total daily doses were divided into two equal daily doses. The Cequa® dose is subsequently adjusted to achieve a pre-defined cyclosporine blood concentration. (See Blood Concentration Monitoring in Transplant Patients, below) If cyclosporine trough blood concentrations are used, the target range is the same for Cequa® as for Sandimmune®. Using the same trough concentration target range for Cequa® as for Sandimmune® results in greater cyclosporine exposure when Cequa® is administered. (See Pharmacokinetics, Absorption) Dosing should be titrated based on clinical assessments of rejection and tolerability. Lower Cequa® doses may be sufficient as maintenance therapy.
Adjunct therapy with adrenal corticosteroids is recommended initially. Different tapering dosage schedules of prednisone appear to achieve similar results. A representative dosage schedule based on the patient's weight started with 2.0 mg/kg/day for the first 4 days tapered to 1.0 mg/kg/day by 1 week, 0.6 mg/kg/day by 2 weeks, 0.3 mg/kg/day by 1 month, and 0.15 mg/kg/day by 2 months and thereafter as a maintenance dose. Steroid doses may be further tapered on an individualized basis depending on status of patient and function of graft. Adjustments in dosage of prednisone must be made according to the clinical situation.
Conversion from Sandimmune® (Cyclosporine) to Cequa® Capsules (Cyclosporine Capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) in Transplant PatientsIn transplanted patients who are considered for conversion to Cequa® from Sandimmune® (cyclosporine), Cequa® should be started with the same daily dose as was previously used with Sandimmune® (cyclosporine) (1:1 dose conversion). The Cequa® dose should subsequently be adjusted to attain the pre-conversion cyclosporine blood trough concentration. Using the same trough concentration target range for Cequa® as for Sandimmune® (cyclosporine) results in greater cyclosporine exposure when Cequa® is administered. (See Pharmacokinetics, Absorption) Patients with suspected poor absorption of Sandimmune® (cyclosporine) require different dosing strategies. (See Transplant Patients with Poor Absorption of Sandimmune® (cyclosporine), below) In some patients, the increase in blood trough concentration is more pronounced and may be of clinical significance.
Until the blood trough concentration attains the pre-conversion value, it is strongly recommended that the cyclosporine blood trough concentration be monitored every 4 to 7 days after conversion to Cequa®. In addition, clinical safety parameters such as serum creatinine and blood pressure should be monitored every two weeks during the first two months after conversion. If the blood trough concentrations are outside the desired range and/or if the clinical safety parameters worsen, the dosage of Cequa® must be adjusted accordingly.
Transplant Patients with Poor Absorption of Sandimmune® (Cyclosporine)Patients with lower than expected cyclosporine blood trough concentrations in relation to the oral dose of Sandimmune® (cyclosporine) may have poor or inconsistent absorption of cyclosporine from Sandimmune® (cyclosporine). After conversion to Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]), patients tend to have higher cyclosporine concentrations. Due to the increase in bioavailability of cyclosporine following conversion to Cequa®, the cyclosporine blood trough concentration may exceed the target range. Particular caution should be exercised when converting patients to Cequa® at doses greater than 10 mg/kg/day. The dose of Cequa® should be titrated individually based on cyclosporine trough concentrations, tolerability, and clinical response. In this population the cyclosporine blood trough concentration should be measured more frequently, at least twice a week (daily, if initial dose exceeds 10 mg/kg/day) until the concentration stabilizes within the desired range.
Rheumatoid ArthritisThe initial dose of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) is 2.5 mg/kg/day, taken twice daily as a divided (BID) oral dose. Salicylates, NSAIDs, and oral corticosteroids may be continued. (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS) Onset of action generally occurs between 4 and 8 weeks. If insufficient clinical benefit is seen and tolerability is good (including serum creatinine less than 30% above baseline), the dose may be increased by 0.5-0.75 mg/kg/day after 8 weeks and again after 12 weeks to a maximum of 4 mg/kg/day. If no benefit is seen by 16 weeks of therapy, Cequa® therapy should be discontinued.
Dose decreases by 25%-50% should be made at any time to control adverse events, e.g., hypertension elevations in serum creatinine (30% above patient's pretreatment level) or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities. (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS)
If dose reduction is not effective in controlling abnormalities or if the adverse event or abnormality is severe, Cequa® should be discontinued. The same initial dose and dosage range should be used if Cequa® is combined with the recommended dose of methotrexate. Most patients can be treated with Cequa® doses of 3 mg/kg/day or below when combined with methotrexate doses of up to 15 mg/week. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Trials)
There is limited long-term treatment data. Recurrence of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity is generally apparent within 4 weeks after stopping cyclosporine.
PsoriasisThe initial dose of Cequa® Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP [MODIFIED]) should be 2.5 mg/kg/day. Cequa® should be taken twice daily, as a divided (1.25 mg/kg BID) oral dose. Patients should be kept at that dose for at least 4 weeks, barring adverse events. If significant clinical improvement has not occurred in patients by that time, the patient's dosage should be increased at 2-week intervals. Based on patient response, dose increases of approximately 0.5 mg/kg/day should be made to a maximum of 4.0 mg/kg/day.
Dose decreases by 25% to 50% should be made at any time to control adverse events, e.g., hypertension, elevations in serum creatinine ( ≥ 25% above the patient's pretreatment level), or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities.
If dose reduction is not effective in controlling abnormalities, or if the adverse event or abnormality is severe, Cequa® should be discontinued. (See Special Monitoring of Psoriasis Patients)
Patients generally show some improvement in the clinical manifestations of psoriasis in 2 weeks. Satisfactory control and stabilization of the disease may take 12 to 16 weeks to achieve. Results of a dose-titration clinical trial with Cequa® indicate that an improvement of psoriasis by 75% or more (based on PASI) was achieved in 51% of the patients after 8 weeks and in 79% of the patients after 16 weeks. Treatment should be discontinued if satisfactory response cannot be achieved after 6 weeks at 4 mg/kg/day or the patient's maximum tolerated dose. Once a patient is adequately controlled and appears stable the dose of Cequa® should be lowered, and the patient treated with the lowest dose that maintains an adequate response (this should not necessarily be total clearing of the patient). In clinical trials, cyclosporine doses at the lower end of the recommended dosage range were effective in maintaining a satisfactory response in 60% of the patients. Doses below 2.5 mg/kg/day may also be equally effective.
Upon stopping treatment with cyclosporine, relapse will occur in approximately 6 weeks (50% of the patients) to 16 weeks (75% of the patients). In the majority of patients rebound does not occur after cessation of treatment with cyclosporine. Thirteen cases of transformation of chronic plaque psoriasis to more severe forms of psoriasis have been reported. There were 9 cases of pustular and 4 cases of erythrodermic psoriasis. Long term experience with Cequa® in psoriasis patients is limited and continuous treatment for extended periods greater than one year is not recommended. Alternation with other forms of treatment should be considered in the long term management of patients with this life long disease.
Blood Concentration Monitoring in Transplant PatientsTransplant centers have found blood concentration monitoring of cyclosporine to be an essential component of patient management. Of importance to blood concentration analysis are the type of assay used, the transplanted organ, and other immunosuppressant agents being administered. While no fixed relationship has been established, blood concentration monitoring may assist in the clinical evaluation of rejection and toxicity, dose adjustments, and the assessment of compliance.
Various assays have been used to measure blood concentrations of cyclosporine. Older studies using a nonspecific assay often cited concentrations that were roughly twice those of the specific assays. Therefore, comparison between concentrations in the published literature and an individual patient concentration using current assays must be made with detailed knowledge of the assay methods employed. Current assay results are also not interchangeable and their use should be guided by their approved labeling. A discussion of the different assay methods is contained in Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 1994;31:420-446. While several assays and assay matrices are available, there is a consensus that parent-compound-specific assays correlate best with clinical events. Of these, HPLC is the standard reference, but the monoclonal antibody RIAs and the monoclonal antibody FPIA offer sensitivity, reproducibility, and convenience. Most clinicians base their monitoring on trough cyclosporine concentrations. Applied Pharmacokinetics, Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (1992) contains a broad discussion of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics and drug monitoring techniques. Blood concentration monitoring is not a replacement for renal function monitoring or tissue biopsies.
Cequa Soft Gelatin Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP) and Cequa Oral Solution (cyclosporine oral solution, USP)Cequa Soft Gelatin Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP) and Cequa Oral Solution (cyclosporine oral solution, USP) have decreased bioavailability in comparison to Neoral Soft Gelatin Capsules (cyclosporine capsules, USP) MODIFIED and Neoral Oral Solution (cyclosporine oral solution, USP) MODIFIED. Cequa and Neoral are not bioequivalent and cannot be used interchangeably without physician supervision.
The initial oral dose of Cequa (cyclosporine) should be given 4 to 12 hours prior to transplantation as a single dose of 15 mg/kg. Although a daily single dose of 14 to 18 mg/kg was used in most clinical trials, few centers continue to use the highest dose, most favoring the lower end of the scale. There is a trend towards use of even lower initial doses for renal transplantation in the ranges of 10 to 14 mg/kg/day. The initial single daily dose is continued postoperatively for 1 to 2 weeks and then tapered by 5% per week to a maintenance dose of 5 to 10 mg/kg/day. Some centers have successfully tapered the maintenance dose to as low as 3 mg/kg/day in selected renal transplant patients without an apparent rise in rejection rate.
(See Blood Concentration Monitoring, below)
Specific Populations Renal ImpairmentCyclosporine undergoes minimal renal elimination and its pharmacokinetics do not appear to be significantly altered in patients with end-stage renal disease who receive routine hemodialysis treatments (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). However, due to its nephrotoxic potential (See WARNINGS), careful monitoring of renal function is recommended; cyclosporine dosage should be reduced if indicated. (See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS)
Hepatic ImpairmentThe clearance of cyclosporine may be significantly reduced in severe liver disease patients (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). Dose reduction may be necessary in patients with severe liver impairment to maintain blood concentrations within the recommended target range. (See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS)
PediatricsIn pediatric usage, the same dose and dosing regimen may be used as in adults although in several studies, children have required and tolerated higher doses than those used in adults.
Adjunct therapy with adrenal corticosteroids is recommended. Different tapering dosage schedules of prednisone appear to achieve similar results. A dosage schedule based on the patient's weight started with 2.0 mg/kg/day for the first 4 days tapered to 1.0 mg/kg/day by 1 week, 0.6 mg/kg/day by 2 weeks, 0.3 mg/kg/day by 1 month, and 0.15 mg/kg/day by 2 months and thereafter as a maintenance dose. Another center started with an initial dose of 200 mg tapered by 40 mg/day until reaching 20 mg/day. After 2 months at this dose, a further reduction to 10 mg/day was made. Adjustments in dosage of prednisone must be made according to the clinical situation.
To make Cequa Oral Solution (cyclosporine oral solution, USP) more palatable, the oral solution may be diluted with milk, chocolate milk, or orange juice preferably at room temperature. Patients should avoid switching diluents frequently. Cequa Soft Gelatin Capsules and Oral Solution should be administered on a consistent schedule with regard to time of day and relation to meals.
Take the prescribed amount of Cequa (cyclosporine) from the container using the dosage syringe supplied after removal of the protective cover, and transfer the solution to a glass of milk, chocolate milk, or orange juice. Stir well and drink at once. Do not allow to stand before drinking. It is best to use a glass container and rinse it with more diluent to ensure that the total dose is taken. After use, replace the dosage syringe in the protective cover. Do not rinse the dosage syringe with water or other cleaning agents either before or after use. If the dosage syringe requires cleaning, it must be completely dry before resuming use. Introduction of water into the product by any means will cause variation in dose.
Cequa® Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP)FOR INFUSION ONLY
Note: Anaphylactic reactions have occurred with Cequa Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP). (See WARNINGS)
Patients unable to take Cequa Soft Gelatin Capsules or Oral Solution pre-or postoperatively may be treated with the intravenous (IV) concentrate. Cequa Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP) is administered at 1/3 the oral dose. The initial dose of Cequa Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP) should be given 4 to 12 hours prior to transplantation as a single intravenous dose of 5 to 6 mg/kg/day. This daily single dose is continued postoperatively until the patient can tolerate the soft gelatin capsules or oral solution. Patients should be switched to Cequa Soft Gelatin Capsules or Oral Solution as soon as possible after surgery. In pediatric usage, the same dose and dosing regimen may be used, although higher doses may be required.
Adjunct steroid therapy is to be used. (See aforementioned.)
Immediately before use, the intravenous concentrate should be diluted 1 mL Cequa Injection (cyclosporine injection, USP) in 20 mL to 100 mL 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or 5% Dextrose Injection and given in a slow intravenous infusion over approximately 2 to 6 hours.
Diluted infusion solutions should be discarded after 24 hours.
The Cremophor® EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil) contained in the concentrate for intravenous infusion can cause phthalate stripping from PVC.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Blood Concentration MonitoringSeveral study centers have found blood concentration monitoring of cyclosporine useful in patient management. While no fixed relationships have yet been established, in one series of 375 consecutive cadaveric renal transplant recipients, dosage was adjusted to achieve specific whole blood 24-hour trough concentrations of 100 to 200 ng/mL as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Of major importance to blood concentration analysis is the type of assay used. The above concentrations are specific to the parent cyclosporine molecule and correlate directly to the new monoclonal specific radioimmunoassays (mRIA-sp). Nonspecific assays are also available which detect the parent compound molecule and various of its metabolites. Older studies often cited concentrations using a nonspecific assay which were roughly twice those of specific assays. Assay results are not interchangeable and their use should be guided by their approved labeling. If plasma specimens are employed, concentrations will vary with the temperature at the time of separation from whole blood. Plasma concentrations may range from ½ to 1/5 of whole blood concentrations. Refer to individual assay labeling for complete instructions. In addition, Transplantation Proceedings (June 1990) contains position papers and a broad consensus generated at the Cyclosporine-Therapeutic Drug Monitoring conference that year. Blood concentration monitoring is not a replacement for renal function monitoring or tissue biopsies.
