Reports of overdoses with mycophenolate mofetil have been received from clinical trials and during post-marketing experience. In many of these cases, no adverse events were reported. In those overdose cases in which adverse events were reported, the events fall within the known safety profile of the medicinal product.
It is expected that an overdose of mycophenolate mofetil could possibly result in oversuppression of the immune system and increase susceptibility to infections and bone marrow suppression. If neutropenia develops, dosing with CellCept should be interrupted or the dose reduced.
Haemodialysis would not be expected to remove clinically significant amounts of MPA or MPAG. Bile acid sequestrants, such as cholestyramine, can remove MPA by decreasing the enterohepatic re-circulation of the drug.
The shelf-life of the powder for oral suspension is 2 years.
The shelf-life of the reconstituted suspension is 2 months.
CellCept 1 g/5 ml powder for oral suspension
sorbitol
silica, colloidal anhydrous
sodium citrate
soybean lecithin
mixed fruit flavour
xanthan gum
aspartame* (E951)
methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E218)
citric acid anhydrous
* contains phenylalanine equivalent to 2.78 mg/5 mL of suspension.
The following undesirable effects cover adverse reactions from clinical trials:
The principal adverse reactions associated with the administration of CellCept in combination with ciclosporin and corticosteroids include diarrhoea, leucopenia, sepsis and vomiting, and there is evidence of a higher frequency of certain types of infections.
Malignancies
Patients receiving immunosuppressive regimens involving combinations of medicinal products, including CellCept, are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin. Lymphoproliferative disease or lymphoma developed in 0.6% of patients receiving CellCept (2 g or 3 g daily) in combination with other immunosuppressants in controlled clinical trials of renal (2 g data), cardiac and hepatic transplant patients followed for at least 1 year. Non-melanoma skin carcinomas occurred in 3.6% of patients; other types of malignancy occurred in 1.1% of patients. Three-year safety data in renal and cardiac transplant patients did not reveal any unexpected changes in incidence of malignancy compared to the 1-year data. Hepatic transplant patients were followed for at least 1 year, but less than 3 years.
Opportunistic infections
All transplant patients are at increased risk of opportunistic infections; the risk increased with total immunosuppressive load. The most common opportunistic infections in patients receiving CellCept (2 g or 3 g daily) with other immunosuppressants in controlled clinical trials in renal (2 g data), cardiac and hepatic transplant patients followed for at least 1 year were candida mucocutaneous, CMV viraemia/syndrome and Herpes simplex. The proportion of patients with CMV viraemia/syndrome was 13.5%.
Paediatric population
The type and frequency of adverse reactions in a clinical study, which recruited 92 paediatric patients aged 2 to 18 years who were given 600 mg/m2 mycophenolate mofetil orally twice daily, were generally similar to those observed in adult patients given 1 g CellCept twice daily. However, the following treatment-related adverse events were more frequent in the paediatric population, particularly in children under 6 years of age, when compared to adults: diarrhoea, sepsis, leucopenia, anaemia and infection.
Elderly
Elderly patients (> 65 years) may generally be at increased risk of adverse reactions due to immunosuppression. Elderly patients receiving CellCept as part of a combination immunosuppressive regimen may be at increased risk of certain infections (including cytomegalovirus tissue invasive disease) and possibly gastrointestinal haemorrhage and pulmonary oedema, compared to younger individuals.
Other adverse reactions
Adverse reactions, probably or possibly related to CellCept, reported in >1/10 and in >1/100 to <1/10 of patients treated with CellCept in the controlled clinical trials of renal (2 g data), cardiac and hepatic transplant patients are listed in the following table.
Adverse Reactions, Probably or Possibly Related to CellCept, Reported in Patients Treated with CellCept in Renal, Cardiac and Hepatic Clinical Trials when Used in Combination with Ciclosporin and Corticosteroids
Within the system organ classes, undesirable effects are listed under headings of frequency, using the following categories: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
|
System organ class |
Adverse drug reactions | |
|
Infections and infestations |
Very common |
Sepsis, gastrointestinal candidiasis, urinary tract infection, herpes simplex, herpes zoster |
|
Common |
Pneumonia, influenza, respiratory tract infection, respiratory moniliasis, gastrointestinal infection, candidiasis, gastroenteritis, infection, bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, fungal skin infection, skin candida, vaginal candidiasis, rhinitis | |
|
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Skin cancer, benign neoplasm of skin | |
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
Very common |
Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia |
|
Common |
Pancytopenia, leukocytosis | |
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Acidosis, hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypophosphataemia, hyperuricaemia, gout, anorexia | |
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Agitation, confusional state, depression, anxiety, thinking abnormal, insomnia | |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Convulsion, hypertonia, tremor, somnolence, myasthenic syndrome, dizziness, headache, paraesthesia, dysgeusia | |
|
Cardiac disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Tachycardia | |
|
Vascular disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Hypotension, hypertension, vasodilatation | |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Pleural effusion, dyspnoea, cough | |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Very common |
Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea |
|
Common |
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, peritonitis, ileus, colitis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastritis, oesophagitis, stomatitis, constipation, dyspepsia, flatulence, eructation | |
|
Hepatobiliary disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Hepatitis, jaundice, hyperbilirubinaemia | |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Skin hypertrophy, rash, acne, alopecia, | |
|
Musculoskeletal and connective Tissue disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Arthralgia | |
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Renal impairment | |
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Oedema, pyrexia, chills, pain, malaise, asthenia, | |
|
Investigations |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Hepatic enzyme increased, blood creatinine increased, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased, blood urea increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, weight decreased | |
Note: 501 (2 g CellCept daily), 289 (3 g CellCept daily) and 277 (2 g IV / 3 g oral CellCept daily) patients were treated in Phase III studies for the prevention of rejection in renal, cardiac and hepatic transplantation, respectively.
The following undesirable effects cover adverse reactions from post-marketing experience
The types of adverse reactions reported during post-marketing with CellCept are similar to those seen in the controlled renal, cardiac and hepatic transplant studies. Additional adverse reactions reported during post-marketing are described below with the frequencies reported within brackets if known.
Gastrointestinal
Gingival hyperplasia (>1/100 to <1/10), colitis including cytomegaloviruscolitis, (>1/100 to <1/10), pancreatitis (>1/100 to <1/10) and intestinal villous atrophy.
Infections
Serious life-threatening infections including meningitis, endocarditis, tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial infection. Cases of BK virus associated nephropathy, as well as cases of JC virus associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML), have been reported in patients treated with immunosuppressants, including CellCept.
Agranulocytosis (>1/1000 to <1/100) and neutropenia have been reported; therefore regular monitoring of patients taking CellCept is advised. There have been reports of aplastic anaemia and bone marrow depression in patients treated with CellCept, some of which have been fatal.
Blood and lymphatic system disorder
Cases of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) have been reported in patients treated with CellCept.
Isolated cases of abnormal neutrophil morphology, including the acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly, have been observed in patients treated with CellCept. These changes are not associated with impaired neutrophil function. These changes may suggest a 'left shift' in the maturity of neutrophils in haematological investigations, which may be mistakenly interpreted as a sign of infection in immunosuppressed patients such as those that receive CellCept.
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioneurotic oedema and anaphylactic reaction have been reported.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions
Congenital disorders
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
There have been isolated reports of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary fibrosis in patients treated with CellCept in combination with other immunosuppressants, some of which have been fatal. There have also been reports of bronchiectasis in children and adults (frequency not known).
Immune system disorders
Hypogammaglobulinaemia has been reported in patients receiving CellCept in combination with other immunosuppressants (frequency not known).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions (see details below).
Ireland
HPRA Pharmacovigilance
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IRL - Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517
Website: www.hpra.ie
e-mail: [email protected]
Malta
ADR Reporting
Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store
In experimental models, mycophenolate mofetil was not tumourigenic. The highest dose tested in the animal carcinogenicity studies resulted in approximately 2 - 3 times the systemic exposure (AUC or Cmax) observed in renal transplant patients at the recommended clinical dose of 2 g/day and 1.3 - 2 times the systemic exposure (AUC or Cmax) observed in cardiac transplant patients at the recommended clinical dose of 3 g/day.
Two genotoxicity assays (in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test) showed a potential of mycophenolate mofetil to cause chromosomal aberrations. These effects can be related to the pharmacodynamic mode of action, i.e. inhibition of nucleotide synthesis in sensitive cells. Other in vitro tests for detection of gene mutation did not demonstrate genotoxic activity.
Mycophenolate mofetil had no effect on fertility of male rats at oral doses up to 20 mg/kg/day. The systemic exposure at this dose represents 2 - 3 times the clinical exposure at the recommended clinical dose of 2 g/day in renal transplant patients and 1.3 - 2 times the clinical exposure at the recommended clinical dose of 3 g/day in cardiac transplant patients. In a female fertility and reproduction study conducted in rats, oral doses of 4.5 mg/kg-/day caused malformations (including anophthalmia, agnathia, and hydrocephaly) in the first generation offspring in the absence of maternal toxicity. The systemic exposure at this dose was approximately 0.5 times the clinical exposure at the recommended clinical dose of 2 g/day for renal transplant patients and approximately 0.3 times the clinical exposure at the recommended clinical dose of 3 g/day for cardiac transplant patients. No effects on fertility or reproductive parameters were evident in the dams or in the subsequent generation.
In teratology studies in rats and rabbits, foetal resorptions and malformations occurred in rats at 6 mg/kg/day (including anophthalmia, agnathia, and hydrocephaly) and in rabbits at 90 mg/kg/day (including cardiovascular and renal anomalies, such as ectopia cordis and ectopic kidneys, and diaphragmatic and umbilical hernia), in the absence of maternal toxicity. The systemic exposure at these levels is approximately equivalent to or less than 0.5 times the clinical exposure at the recommended clinical dose of 2 g/day for renal transplant patients and approximately 0.3 times the clinical exposure at the recommended clinical dose of 3 g/day for cardiac transplant patients.
The haematopoietic and lymphoid systems were the primary organs affected in toxicology studies conducted with mycophenolate mofetil in the rat, mouse, dog and monkey. These effects occurred at systemic exposure levels that are equivalent to or less than the clinical exposure at the recommended dose of 2 g/day for renal transplant recipients. Gastrointestinal effects were observed in the dog at systemic exposure levels equivalent to or less than the clinical exposure at the recommended dose. Gastrointestinal and renal effects consistent with dehydration were also observed in the monkey at the highest dose (systemic exposure levels equivalent to or greater than clinical exposure). The nonclinical toxicity profile of mycophenolate mofetil appears to be consistent with adverse events observed in human clinical trials which now provide safety data of more relevance to the patient population.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: immunosuppressive agents ATC code L04AA06
Mechanism of action
Mycophenolate mofetil is the 2-morpholinoethyl ester of MPA. MPA is a potent, selective, uncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, and therefore inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation into DNA. Because T- and B-lymphocytes are critically dependent for their proliferation on de novo synthesis of purines whereas other cell types can utilise salvage pathways, MPA has more potent cytostatic effects on lymphocytes than on other cells.
Absorption
Following oral administration, mycophenolate mofetil undergoes rapid and extensive absorption and complete presystemic metabolism to the active metabolite, MPA. As evidenced by suppression of acute rejection following renal transplantation, the immunosuppressant activity of CellCept is correlated with MPA concentration. The mean bioavailability of oral mycophenolate mofetil, based on MPA AUC, is 94% relative to IV mycophenolate mofetil. Food had no effect on the extent of absorption (MPA AUC) of mycophenolate mofetil when administered at doses of 1.5 g BID to renal transplant patients. However, MPA Cmax was decreased by 40% in the presence of food. Mycophenolate mofetil is not measurable systemically in plasma following oral administration.
Distribution
As a result of enterohepatic recirculation, secondary increases in plasma MPA concentration are usually observed at approximately 6 - 12 hours post-dose. A reduction in the AUC of MPA of approximately 40% is associated with the co-administration of cholestyramine (4 g TID), indicating that there is a significant amount of enterohepatic recirculation.
MPA at clinically relevant concentrations is 97% bound to plasma albumin.
Biotransformation
MPA is metabolised principally by glucuronyl transferase (isoform UGT1A9) to form the inactive phenolic glucuronide of MPA (MPAG). In vivo, MPAG is converted back to free MPA via enterohepatic recirculation. A minor acylglucuronide (AcMPAG) is also formed. AcMPAG is pharmacologically active and is suspected to be responsible for some of MMF´s side effects (diarrhoea, leucopenia).
Elimination
A negligible amount of substance is excreted as MPA (< 1% of dose) in the urine. Oral administration of radiolabelled mycophenolate mofetil results in complete recovery of the administered dose, with 93% of the administered dose recovered in the urine and 6% recovered in the faeces. Most (about 87%) of the administered dose is excreted in the urine as MPAG.
At clinically encountered concentrations, MPA and MPAG are not removed by haemodialysis. However, at high MPAG plasma concentrations (> 100µg/mL), small amounts of MPAG are removed. By interfering with enterohepatic circulation of the drug, bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine, reduce MPA AUC.
MPA's disposition depends on several transporters. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) are involved in MPA's disposition; OATP isoforms, MRP2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are transporters associated with the glucuronides' biliary excretion. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) is also able to transport MPA, but its contribution seems to be confined to the absorption process. In the kidney MPA and its metabolites potently interact with renal organic anion transporters.
In the early post-transplant period (< 40 days post-transplant), renal, cardiac and hepatic transplant patients had mean MPA AUCs approximately 30% lower and Cmax approximately 40% lower compared to the late post-transplant period (3 - 6 months post-transplant).
Special populations
Renal impairment
In a single dose study (6 subjects/group), mean plasma MPA AUC observed in subjects with severe chronic renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate < 25mL/min/1.73 m2) were 28 - 75% higher relative to the means observed in normal healthy subjects or subjects with lesser degrees of renal impairment. The mean single dose MPAG AUC was 3 - 6-fold higher in subjects with severe renal impairment than in subjects with mild renal impairment or normal healthy subjects, consistent with the known renal elimination of MPAG. Multiple dosing of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with severe chronic renal impairment has not been studied. No data are available for cardiac or hepatic transplant patients with severe chronic renal impairment.
Delayed renal graft function
In patients with delayed renal graft function post-transplant, mean MPA AUC (0-12h) was comparable to that seen in post-transplant patients without delayed graft function. Mean plasma MPAG AUC (0-12h) was 2 - 3-fold higher than in post-transplant patients without delayed graft function. There may be a transient increase in the free fraction and concentration of plasma MPA in patients with delayed renal graft function. Dose adjustment of CellCept does not appear to be necessary.
Hepatic impairment
In volunteers with alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatic MPA glucuronidation processes were relatively unaffected by hepatic parenchymal disease. Effects of hepatic disease on this process probably depend on the particular disease. However, hepatic disease with predominantly biliary damage, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, may show a different effect.
Paediatric population
Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in 49 paediatric renal transplant patients (aged 2 to 18 years) given 600 mg/m2 mycophenolate mofetil orally twice daily. This dose achieved MPA AUC values similar to those seen in adult renal transplant patients receiving CellCept at a dose of 1 g bid in the early and late post-transplant period. MPA AUC values across age groups were similar in the early and late post-transplant period.
Elderly
Pharmacokinetic behaviour of CellCept in the elderly (> 65 years) has not been formally evaluated.
Patients taking oral contraceptives
A study of the co-administration of CellCept (1 g bid) and combined oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol (0.02 mg to 0.04 mg) and levonorgestrel (0.05 mg to 0.15 mg), desogestrel (0.15 mg) or gestodene (0.05 mg to 0.10 mg) conducted in 18 non-transplant women (not taking other immunosupressants) over 3 consecutive menstrual cycles showed no clinically relevant influence of CellCept on the ovulation suppressing action of the oral contraceptives.).
12 March 2018
Additional precautions
Patients should not donate blood during therapy or for at least 6 weeks following discontinuation of mycophenolate. Men should not donate semen during therapy or for 90 days following discontinuation of mycophenolate.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interactionAciclovir
Higher aciclovir plasma concentrations were observed when mycophenolate mofetil was administered with aciclovir in comparison to the administration of aciclovir alone. The changes in MPAG (the phenolic glucuronide of MPA) pharmacokinetics (MPAG increased by 8%) were minimal and are not considered clinically significant. Because MPAG plasma concentrations are increased in the presence of renal impairment, as are aciclovir concentrations, the potential exists for mycophenolate mofetil and aciclovir, or its prodrugs, e.g. valaciclovir, to compete for tubular secretion and further increases in concentrations of both substances may occur.
Antacids and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Decreased MPA exposure has been observed when antacids, such as magnesium and aluminium hydroxides, and PPIs, including lansoprazole and pantoprazole, were administered with CellCept. When comparing rates of transplant rejection or rates of graft loss between CellCept patients taking PPIs vs. CellCept patients not taking PPIs, no significant differences were seen. These data support extrapolation of this finding to all antacids because the reduction in exposure when CellCept was co- administered with magnesium and aluminium hydroxides is considerably less than when CellCept was co-administered with PPIs.
Medicinal products that interfere with enterohepatic circulation (e.g. cholestyramine, ciclosporin A, antibiotics)
Caution should be used with medicinal products that interfere with enterohepatic circulation because of their potential to reduce the efficacy of CellCept.
Cholestyramine
Following single dose administration of 1.5 g of mycophenolate mofetil to normal healthy subjects pre-treated with 4 g TID of cholestyramine for 4 days, there was a 40% reduction in the AUC of MPA.. Caution should be used during concomitant administration because of the potential to reduce efficacy of CellCept.
Ciclosporin A
Ciclosporin A (CsA) pharmacokinetics are unaffected by mycophenolate mofetil.
In contrast, if concomitant ciclosporin treatment is stopped, an increase in MPA AUC of around 30% should be expected.). Conversely, changes of MPA exposure should be expected when switching patients from CsA to one of the immunosuppressants which does not interfere with MPA´s enterohepatic cycle.
Antibiotics eliminating β-glucuronidase-producing bacteria in the intestine (e.g. aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, and penicillin classes of antibiotics) may interfere with MPAG/MPA enterohepatic recirculation thus leading to reduced systemic MPA exposure. Information concerning the following antibiotics is available:
Ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid
Reductions in pre-dose (trough) MPA concentrations of about 50% have been reported in renal transplant recipients in the days immediately following commencement of oral ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. This effect tended to diminish with continued antibiotic use and to cease within a few days of antibiotic discontinuation. The change in predose level may not accurately represent changes in overall MPA exposure. Therefore, a change in the dose of CellCept should not normally be necessary in the absence of clinical evidence of graft dysfunction. However, close clinical monitoring should be performed during the combination and shortly after antibiotic treatment.
Norfloxacin and metronidazole
In healthy volunteers, no significant interaction was observed when CellCept was concomitantly administered with norfloxacin or metronidazole separately. However, norfloxacin and metronidazole combined reduced the MPA exposure by approximately 30% following a single dose of CellCept.
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
No effect on the bioavailability of MPA was observed.
Medicinal products that affect glucuronidation (e.g. isavuconazole, telmisartan)
Concomitant administration of drugs inhibiting glucuronidation of MPA may increase MPA exposure. Caution is therefore recommended when administering these drugs concomitantly with CellCept.
Isavuconazole
An increase of MPA AUC0-∞ by 35% was observed with concomitant administration of isavuconazole.
Telmisartan
Concomitant administration of telmisartan and CellCept resulted in an approximately 30% decrease of MPA concentrations. Telmisartan changes MPA's elimination by enhancing PPAR gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) expression, which in turn results in an enhanced UGT1A9 expression and activity. When comparing rates of transplant rejection, rates of graft loss or adverse event profiles between CellCept patients with and without concomitant telmisartan medication, no clinical consequences of the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction were seen.
Ganciclovir
Based on the results of a single dose administration study of recommended doses of oral mycophenolate and IV ganciclovir and the known effects of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of CellCept and ganciclovir, it is anticipated that co-administration of these agents (which compete for mechanisms of renal tubular secretion) will result in increases in MPAG and ganciclovir concentration. No substantial alteration of MPA pharmacokinetics is anticipated and CellCept dose adjustment is not required. In patients with renal impairment in whom CellCept and ganciclovir or its prodrugs, e.g. valganciclovir, are co-administered, the dose recommendations for ganciclovir should be observed and patients should be monitored carefully.
Oral contraceptives
Rifampicin
In patients not also taking ciclosporin, concomitant administration of CellCept and rifampicin resulted in a decrease in MPA exposure (AUC0-12h) of 18% to 70%. It is recommended to monitor MPA exposure levels and to adjust CellCept doses accordingly to maintain clinical efficacy when rifampicin is administered concomitantly.
Sevelamer
Decrease in MPA Cmax and AUC (0-12h) by 30% and 25%, respectively, were observed when CellCept was concomitantly administered with sevelamer without any clinical consequences (i.e. graft rejection). It is recommended, however, to administer CellCept at least one hour before or three hours after sevelamer intake to minimise the impact on the absorption of MPA. There are no data on CellCept with phosphate binders other than sevelamer.
Tacrolimus
In hepatic transplant patients initiated on CellCept and tacrolimus, the AUC and Cmax of MPA, the active metabolite of CellCept, were not significantly affected by co-administration with tacrolimus.).
Live vaccines
Live vaccines should not be given to patients with an impaired immune response.).
Paediatric population
Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.
Potential interaction
Co-administration of probenecid with mycophenolate mofetil in monkeys raises plasma AUC of MPAG by 3-fold. Thus, other substances known to undergo renal tubular secretion may compete with MPAG, and thereby raise plasma concentrations of MPAG or the other substance undergoing tubular secretion.
4.6 Pregnancy and lactationWomen of childbearing potential
Pregnancy whilst taking mycophenolate must be avoided. Therefore women of childbearing potential must use at least one form of reliable contraception before starting CellCept therapy, during therapy, and for six weeks after stopping the therapy, unless abstinence is the chosen method of contraception. Two complementary forms of contraception simultaneously are preferred.
Pregnancy
CellCept is contraindicated during pregnancy unless there is no suitable alternative treatment to prevent transplant rejection.Treatment should not be initiated without providing a negative pregnancy test result to rule out unintended use in pregnancy.
Female patients of reproductive potential must be made aware of the increased risk of pregnancy loss and congenital malformations at the beginning of the treatment and must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention, and planning.
Before starting CellCept treatment, women of childbearing potential should have two negative serum or urine pregnancy tests with a sensitivity of at least 25 mIU/mL in order to exclude unintended exposure of the embryo to mycophenolate. It is recommended that the second test should be performed 8 - 10 days after the first test. For transplants from deceased donors, if it is not possible to perform two tests 8-10 days apart before treatment starts (because of the timing of transplant organ availability), a pregnancy test must be performed immediately before starting treatment and a further test performed 8-10 days later. Pregnancy tests should be repeated as clinically required (e.g. after any gap in contraception is reported). Results of all pregnancy tests should be discussed with the patient. Patients should be instructed to consult their physician immediately should pregnancy occur.
Mycophenolate is a powerful human teratogen, with an increased risk of spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations in case of exposure during pregnancy;
- Spontaneous abortions have been reported in 45 to 49% of pregnant women exposed to mycophenolate mofetil, compared to a reported rate of between 12 and 33% in solid organ transplant patients treated with immunosuppressants other than mycophenolate mofetil.
- Based on literature reports, malformations occurred in 23 to 27% of live births in women exposed to mycophenolate mofetil during pregnancy (compared to 2 to 3 % of live births in the overall population and approximately 4 to 5% of live births in solid organ transplant recipients treated with immunosuppressants other than mycophenolate mofetil).
Congenital malformations, including reports of multiple malformations, have been observed post-marketing in children of patients exposed to CellCept during pregnancy in combination with other immunosuppressants. The following malformations were most frequently reported:
- Abnormalities of the ear (e.g. abnormally formed or absent external ear), external auditory canal artesia (middle ear);
- Facial malformations such as cleft lip, cleft palate, micrognathia and hypertelorism of the orbits;
- Abnormalities of the eye (e.g. coloboma);
- Congenital heart disease such as atrial and ventricular septal defects;
- Malformations of the fingers (e.g. polydactyly, syndactyly);
- Tracheo-Oesophageal malformations (e.g. oesophageal atresia);
- Nervous system malformations such as spina bifida;
- Renal abnormalities.
In addition there have been isolated reports of the following malformations:
- Microphthalmia;
- congenital choroid plexus cyst;
- septum pellucidum agenesis;
- olfactory nerve agenesis.
Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity.
Breast-feeding
Mycophenolate mofetil has been shown to be excreted in the milk of lactating rats. It is not known whether this substance is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions to mycophenolate mofetil in breast-fed infants, CellCept is contraindicated in nursing mothers.
Men
Limited clinical evidence does not indicate an increased risk of malformations or miscarriage following paternal exposure to mycophenolate mofetil.
MPA is a powerful teratogen. It is not known if MPA is present in semen. Calculations based on animal data show that the maximum amount of MPA that could potentially be transferred to woman is so low that it would be unlikely to have an effect. Mycophenolate has been shown to be genotoxic in animal studies at concentrations exceeding the human therapeutic exposures only by small margins such that the risk of genotoxic effects on sperm cells cannot completely be excluded.
Therefore, the following precautionary measures are recommended: sexually active male patients or their female partners are recommended to use reliable contraception during treatment of the male patient and for at least 90 days after cessation of mycophenolate mofetil. Male patients of reproductive potential should be made aware of and discuss the potential risks of fathering a child with a qualified health-care professional.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machinesNo studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. The pharmacodynamic profile and the reported adverse reactions indicate that an effect is unlikely.
4.8 Undesirable effectsThe following undesirable effects cover adverse reactions from clinical trials:
The principal adverse reactions associated with the administration of CellCept in combination with ciclosporin and corticosteroids include diarrhoea, leucopenia, sepsis and vomiting, and there is evidence of a higher frequency of certain types of infections.
Malignancies
Patients receiving immunosuppressive regimens involving combinations of medicinal products, including CellCept, are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin. Lymphoproliferative disease or lymphoma developed in 0.6% of patients receiving CellCept (2 g or 3 g daily) in combination with other immunosuppressants in controlled clinical trials of renal (2 g data), cardiac and hepatic transplant patients followed for at least 1 year. Non-melanoma skin carcinomas occurred in 3.6% of patients; other types of malignancy occurred in 1.1% of patients. Three-year safety data in renal and cardiac transplant patients did not reveal any unexpected changes in incidence of malignancy compared to the 1-year data. Hepatic transplant patients were followed for at least 1 year, but less than 3 years.
Opportunistic infections
All transplant patients are at increased risk of opportunistic infections; the risk increased with total immunosuppressive load. The most common opportunistic infections in patients receiving CellCept (2 g or 3 g daily) with other immunosuppressants in controlled clinical trials in renal (2 g data), cardiac and hepatic transplant patients followed for at least 1 year were candida mucocutaneous, CMV viraemia/syndrome and Herpes simplex. The proportion of patients with CMV viraemia/syndrome was 13.5%.
Paediatric population
The type and frequency of adverse reactions in a clinical study, which recruited 92 paediatric patients aged 2 to 18 years who were given 600 mg/m2 mycophenolate mofetil orally twice daily, were generally similar to those observed in adult patients given 1 g CellCept twice daily. However, the following treatment-related adverse events were more frequent in the paediatric population, particularly in children under 6 years of age, when compared to adults: diarrhoea, sepsis, leucopenia, anaemia and infection.
Elderly
Elderly patients (> 65 years) may generally be at increased risk of adverse reactions due to immunosuppression. Elderly patients receiving CellCept as part of a combination immunosuppressive regimen may be at increased risk of certain infections (including cytomegalovirus tissue invasive disease) and possibly gastrointestinal haemorrhage and pulmonary oedema, compared to younger individuals.
Other adverse reactions
Adverse reactions, probably or possibly related to CellCept, reported in >1/10 and in >1/100 to <1/10 of patients treated with CellCept in the controlled clinical trials of renal (2 g data), cardiac and hepatic transplant patients are listed in the following table.
Adverse Reactions, Probably or Possibly Related to CellCept, Reported in Patients Treated with CellCept in Renal, Cardiac and Hepatic Clinical Trials when Used in Combination with Ciclosporin and Corticosteroids
Within the system organ classes, undesirable effects are listed under headings of frequency, using the following categories: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
|
System organ class |
Adverse drug reactions | |
|
Infections and infestations |
Very common |
Sepsis, gastrointestinal candidiasis, urinary tract infection, herpes simplex, herpes zoster |
|
Common |
Pneumonia, influenza, respiratory tract infection, respiratory moniliasis, gastrointestinal infection, candidiasis, gastroenteritis, infection, bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, fungal skin infection, skin candida, vaginal candidiasis, rhinitis | |
|
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Skin cancer, benign neoplasm of skin | |
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
Very common |
Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia |
|
Common |
Pancytopenia, leukocytosis | |
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Acidosis, hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypophosphataemia, hyperuricaemia, gout, anorexia | |
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Agitation, confusional state, depression, anxiety, thinking abnormal, insomnia | |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Convulsion, hypertonia, tremor, somnolence, myasthenic syndrome, dizziness, headache, paraesthesia, dysgeusia | |
|
Cardiac disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Tachycardia | |
|
Vascular disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Hypotension, hypertension, vasodilatation | |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Pleural effusion, dyspnoea, cough | |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Very common |
Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea |
|
Common |
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, peritonitis, ileus, colitis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastritis, oesophagitis, stomatitis, constipation, dyspepsia, flatulence, eructation | |
|
Hepatobiliary disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Hepatitis, jaundice, hyperbilirubinaemia | |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Skin hypertrophy, rash, acne, alopecia, | |
|
Musculoskeletal and connective Tissue disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Arthralgia | |
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Renal impairment | |
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Oedema, pyrexia, chills, pain, malaise, asthenia, | |
|
Investigations |
Very common |
- |
|
Common |
Hepatic enzyme increased, blood creatinine increased, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased, blood urea increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, weight decreased | |
Note: 501 (2 g CellCept daily), 289 (3 g CellCept daily) and 277 (2 g IV / 3 g oral CellCept daily) patients were treated in Phase III studies for the prevention of rejection in renal, cardiac and hepatic transplantation, respectively.
The following undesirable effects cover adverse reactions from post-marketing experience
The types of adverse reactions reported during post-marketing with CellCept are similar to those seen in the controlled renal, cardiac and hepatic transplant studies. Additional adverse reactions reported during post-marketing are described below with the frequencies reported within brackets if known.
Gastrointestinal
Gingival hyperplasia (>1/100 to <1/10), colitis including cytomegaloviruscolitis, (>1/100 to <1/10), pancreatitis (>1/100 to <1/10) and intestinal villous atrophy.
Infections
Serious life-threatening infections including meningitis, endocarditis, tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial infection. Cases of BK virus associated nephropathy, as well as cases of JC virus associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML), have been reported in patients treated with immunosuppressants, including CellCept.
Agranulocytosis (>1/1000 to <1/100) and neutropenia have been reported; therefore regular monitoring of patients taking CellCept is advised. There have been reports of aplastic anaemia and bone marrow depression in patients treated with CellCept, some of which have been fatal.
Blood and lymphatic system disorder
Cases of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) have been reported in patients treated with CellCept.
Isolated cases of abnormal neutrophil morphology, including the acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly, have been observed in patients treated with CellCept. These changes are not associated with impaired neutrophil function. These changes may suggest a 'left shift' in the maturity of neutrophils in haematological investigations, which may be mistakenly interpreted as a sign of infection in immunosuppressed patients such as those that receive CellCept.
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioneurotic oedema and anaphylactic reaction have been reported.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions
Congenital disorders
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
There have been isolated reports of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary fibrosis in patients treated with CellCept in combination with other immunosuppressants, some of which have been fatal. There have also been reports of bronchiectasis in children and adults (frequency not known).
Immune system disorders
Hypogammaglobulinaemia has been reported in patients receiving CellCept in combination with other immunosuppressants (frequency not known).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions (see details below).
Ireland
HPRA Pharmacovigilance
Earlsfort Terrace
IRL - Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517
Website: www.hpra.ie
e-mail: [email protected]
Malta
ADR Reporting
Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store
4.9 OverdoseReports of overdoses with mycophenolate mofetil have been received from clinical trials and during post-marketing experience. In many of these cases, no adverse events were reported. In those overdose cases in which adverse events were reported, the events fall within the known safety profile of the medicinal product.
It is expected that an overdose of mycophenolate mofetil could possibly result in oversuppression of the immune system and increase susceptibility to infections and bone marrow suppression. If neutropenia develops, dosing with CellCept should be interrupted or the dose reduced.
Haemodialysis would not be expected to remove clinically significant amounts of MPA or MPAG. Bile acid sequestrants, such as cholestyramine, can remove MPA by decreasing the enterohepatic re-circulation of the drug.
5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic propertiesPharmacotherapeutic group: immunosuppressive agents ATC code L04AA06
Mechanism of action
Mycophenolate mofetil is the 2-morpholinoethyl ester of MPA. MPA is a potent, selective, uncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, and therefore inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation into DNA. Because T- and B-lymphocytes are critically dependent for their proliferation on de novo synthesis of purines whereas other cell types can utilise salvage pathways, MPA has more potent cytostatic effects on lymphocytes than on other cells.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic propertiesAbsorption
Following oral administration, mycophenolate mofetil undergoes rapid and extensive absorption and complete presystemic metabolism to the active metabolite, MPA. As evidenced by suppression of acute rejection following renal transplantation, the immunosuppressant activity of CellCept is correlated with MPA concentration. The mean bioavailability of oral mycophenolate mofetil, based on MPA AUC, is 94% relative to IV mycophenolate mofetil. Food had no effect on the extent of absorption (MPA AUC) of mycophenolate mofetil when administered at doses of 1.5 g BID to renal transplant patients. However, MPA Cmax was decreased by 40% in the presence of food. Mycophenolate mofetil is not measurable systemically in plasma following oral administration.
Distribution
As a result of enterohepatic recirculation, secondary increases in plasma MPA concentration are usually observed at approximately 6 - 12 hours post-dose. A reduction in the AUC of MPA of approximately 40% is associated with the co-administration of cholestyramine (4 g TID), indicating that there is a significant amount of enterohepatic recirculation.
MPA at clinically relevant concentrations is 97% bound to plasma albumin.
Biotransformation
MPA is metabolised principally by glucuronyl transferase (isoform UGT1A9) to form the inactive phenolic glucuronide of MPA (MPAG). In vivo, MPAG is converted back to free MPA via enterohepatic recirculation. A minor acylglucuronide (AcMPAG) is also formed. AcMPAG is pharmacologically active and is suspected to be responsible for some of MMF´s side effects (diarrhoea, leucopenia).
Elimination
A negligible amount of substance is excreted as MPA (< 1% of dose) in the urine. Oral administration of radiolabelled mycophenolate mofetil results in complete recovery of the administered dose, with 93% of the administered dose recovered in the urine and 6% recovered in the faeces. Most (about 87%) of the administered dose is excreted in the urine as MPAG.
At clinically encountered concentrations, MPA and MPAG are not removed by haemodialysis. However, at high MPAG plasma concentrations (> 100µg/mL), small amounts of MPAG are removed. By interfering with enterohepatic circulation of the drug, bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine, reduce MPA AUC.
MPA's disposition depends on several transporters. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) are involved in MPA's disposition; OATP isoforms, MRP2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are transporters associated with the glucuronides' biliary excretion. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) is also able to transport MPA, but its contribution seems to be confined to the absorption process. In the kidney MPA and its metabolites potently interact with renal organic anion transporters.
In the early post-transplant period (< 40 days post-transplant), renal, cardiac and hepatic transplant patients had mean MPA AUCs approximately 30% lower and Cmax approximately 40% lower compared to the late post-transplant period (3 - 6 months post-transplant).
Special populations
Powder for oral suspension and reconstituted suspension: Do not store above 30 °C.
Each bottle contains 35 g mycophenolate mofetil in 110 g powder for oral suspension. When reconstituted, the volume of the suspension is 175 mL, providing a usable volume of 160 - 165 mL. 5 mL of the reconstituted suspension contains 1 g of mycophenolate mofetil.
A bottle adapter and 2 oral dispensers are also provided.
EU/1/96/005/006 CellCept (1 bottle 110g)
It is recommended that CellCept 1 g/5 ml powder for oral suspension be reconstituted by the pharmacist prior to dispensing to the patient. Wearing disposable gloves is recommended during reconstitution and when wiping the outer surface of the bottle/cap and the table after reconstitution.
Preparation of suspension
1. Tap the closed bottle several times to loosen the powder.
2. Measure 94 mL of purified water in a graduated cylinder.
3. Add approximately half of the total amount of purified water to the bottle and shake the closed bottle well for about 1 minute.
4. Add the remainder of water and shake the closed bottle well for about 1 minute.
5. Remove child-resistant cap and push bottle adapter into neck of bottle.
6. Close bottle with child-resistant cap tightly. This will assure the proper seating of the bottle adapter in the bottle and child-resistant status of the cap.
7. Write the date of expiration of the reconstituted suspension on the bottle label. (The shelf-life of the reconstituted suspension is two months.)
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Date of first authorisation: 14 February 1996
Date of latest renewal: 13 March 2006
