Symptoms
Acute overdosage with Budo San, even in excessive doses, is not expected to be a clinical problem. The only harmful effect that follows inhalation of large amounts of the drug over a short period is suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function.
Management
No special emergency action needs to be taken. Treatment with Budo San should be continued at the recommended dose to control the asthma.
Hypersensitivity to the active substance.
Not applicable.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following definitions apply to the incidence of undesirable effects: Frequencies are defined as: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Table 1 Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) by System Organ Class (SOC) and Frequency
| SOC | Frequency | Adverse Drug Reaction |
| Infections and infestations | Common | Oropharyngeal candidiasis |
| Pneumonia (in COPD patients) | ||
| Immune system disorders | Rare | Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions including rash, contact dermatitis, urticaria, angioedema and anaphylactic reaction |
| Endocrine disorders | Rare | Signs and symptoms of systemic corticosteroid effects, including adrenal suppression and growth retardation* |
| Psychiatric disorders | Uncommon | Anxiety |
| Depression | ||
| Rare | Psychomotor hyperactivity | |
| Sleep disorders | ||
| Aggression | ||
| Behavioural changes (predominantly in children) | ||
| Nervous System Disorders | Uncommon | Tremor** |
| Eye disorders | Uncommon | Cataract |
| ) | ||
| Not known | Glaucoma | |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Common | Cough |
| Hoarseness | ||
| Throat irritation | ||
| Rare | Bronchospasm | |
| Dysphonia | ||
| Hoarseness*** | ||
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Rare | Bruising |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Uncommon | Muscle spasm |
* refer to Paediatric population, below
** based on the frequency reported in clinical trials
*** rare in children
Occasionally, signs or symptoms of systemic glucocorticosteroid-side effects may occur with inhaled glucocorticosteroids, probably depending on dose, exposure time, concomitant and previous corticosteroid exposure, and individual sensitivity.
Description of selected adverse reactions
The candida infection in the oropharynx is due to drug deposition. Advising the patient to rinse the mouth out with water after each dosing will minimise the risk.
As with other inhalation therapy, paradoxical bronchospasm may occur in very rare cases.
In placebo-controlled studies, cataract was also uncommonly reported in the placebo group.
Clinical trials with 13119 patients on inhaled budesonide and 7278 patients on placebo have been pooled. The frequency of anxiety was 0.52% on inhaled budesonide and 0.63% on placebo; that of depression was 0.67% on inhaled budesonide and 1.15% on placebo.
Paediatric population
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme. Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
The acute toxicity of budesonide is low and of the same order of magnitude and type as that of the reference glucocorticosteroids studied (beclomethasone dipropionate, fluocinolone acetonide).
Results from subacute and chronic toxicity studies show that the systemic effects of budesonide are less severe than, or similar to, those observed after administration of the other glucocorticosteroids, e.g. decreased body-weight gain and atrophy of lymphoid tissues and adrenal cortex.
An increased incidence of brain gliomas in male rats, in a carcinogenicity study, could not be verified in a repeat study in which the incidence of gliomas did not differ between any of the groups on active treatment (budesonide, prednisolone, triamcinolone acetonide) and the control groups.
Liver changes (primary hepatocellular neoplasms) found in male rats in the original carcinogenicity study were noted again in the repeat study with budesonide, as well as with the reference glucocorticosteroids. These effects are most probably related to a receptor effect and thus represent a class effect.
Available clinical experience shows no indication that budesonide, or other glucocorticosteroids, induce brain gliomas or primary hepatocellular neoplasms in man.
In animal reproduction studies, corticosteroids such as budesonide have been shown to induce malformations (cleft palate, skeletal malformations). However, these animal experimental results do not appear to be relevant in humans at the recommended doses.
Animal studies have also identified an involvement of excess prenatal glucocorticosteroids, in increased risk for intrauterine growth retardation, adult cardiovascular disease and permanent changes in glucocorticoid receptor density, neurotransmitter turnover and behaviour at exposures below the teratogenic dose range.
Pulmicort is recommended in patients with bronchial asthma.
Budesonide is a glucocorticosteroid which possesses a high local anti-inflammatory action, with a lower incidence and severity of adverse effects than those seen with oral corticosteroids.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, inhalants, glucocorticoids. ATC Code: R03B A02.
Topical anti-inflammatory effect
The exact mechanism of action of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of asthma is not fully understood. Anti-inflammatory actions, such as inhibition of inflammatory mediator release and inhibition of cytokine-mediated immune response are probably important.
A clinical study in asthmatics comparing inhaled and oral budesonide at doses calculated to achieve similar systemic bioavailability demonstrated statistically significant evidence of efficacy with inhaled but not oral budesonide compared with placebo. Thus, the therapeutic effect of conventional doses of inhaled budesonide may be largely explained by its direct action on the respiratory tract.
In a provocation study pre-treatment with budesonide for four weeks has shown decreased bronchial constriction in immediate as well as late asthmatic reactions.
Onset of effect
After a single dose of orally inhaled budesonide, delivered via dry powder inhaler, improvement of the lung function is achieved within a few hours. After therapeutic use of orally inhaled budesonide delivered via dry powder inhaler, improvement in lung function has been shown to occur within 2 days of initiation of treatment, although maximum benefit may not be achieved for up to 4 weeks.
Airway reactivity
Budesonide has also been shown to decrease airway reactivity to histamine and methacholine in hyper-reactive patients.
Exercise-induced asthma
Therapy with inhaled budesonide has effectively been used for prevention of exercise-induced asthma.
Growth
In short term studies a small and generally transient reduction in growth has been observed, which usually occurs within the first year of treatment.
Paediatric Population
Slit lamp examinations were performed in 157 children (5-16 years old), treated with an average daily dose of 504 μg for 3-6 years. Findings were compared with 111 age-matched asthmatic children. Inhaled budesonide was not associated with an increased occurrence of posterior subcapsular cataract.
Influence on plasma cortisol concentration
Studies in healthy volunteers with Budo San have shown dose-related effects on plasma and urinary cortisol. At recommended doses, Budo San, causes less effect on the adrenal function than prednisolone 10mg, as shown by ACTH tests.
Absorption
Following oral inhalation via Budo San, peak plasma concentrations of budesonide (4.0 nmol/L after a dose of 800 μg) occur within 30 minutes. Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration time profile increase linearly with dose, but are slightly (20-30%) higher following repeated doses (3 weeks treatment) than after a single dose. Lung deposition in healthy subjects was estimated to 34% ±10% of the metered dose (arithmetic mean ± SD), while 22% was retained in the mouthpiece and the rest (approximately 45% of the metered dose) was swallowed.
The maximal plasma concentration after inhalation of 1 milligram budesonide is about 3.5 nmol/L and is reached after about 20 minutes.
Distribution
Budesonide has a volume of distribution of approximately 3 L/kg. Plasma protein binding averages 85-90%.
Biotransformation
Budesonide undergoes an extensive degree (approximately 90%) of biotransformation on first passage through the liver to metabolites of low glucocorticosteroid activity. The glucocorticosteroid activity of the major metabolites, 6β-hydroxybudesonide and 16α-hydroxyprednisolone, is less than 1% of that of budesonide. The metabolism of budesonide is primarily mediated by CYP3A, a subfamily of cytochrome p450.
Excretion
The metabolites of budesonide are excreted as such or in conjugated form mainly via the kidneys. No unchanged budesonide has been detected in the urine. Budesonide has high systemic clearance (approximately 1.2 L/min) in healthy adults, and the terminal half-life of budesonide after iv dosing averages 2-3 hours.
Linearity
The kinetics of budesonide are dose-proportional at clinically relevant doses.
In a study, 100 mg ketoconazole taken twice daily, increased plasma levels of concomitantly administered oral budesonide (single dose of 10 mg) on average, by 7.8-fold. Information about this interaction is lacking for inhaled budesonide, but marked increases in plasma levels could be expected.
Paediatric safety data
Budesonide has a systemic clearance of approximately 0.5 L/min in 4-6 years old asthmatic children. Per kg body weight children have a clearance which is approximately 50% greater than in adults. The terminal half-life of budesonide after inhalation is approximately 2.3 hours in asthmatic children. This is about the same as in healthy adults. In asthmatic children treated with Budo San (800 μg single dose), plasma concentration reached Cmax (4.85 nmol/L) at 13.8 minutes after inhalation, and then decreased rapidly; AUC was 10.3 nmol·h/L. The value for AUC is generally comparable to that observed in adults at the same dose, however, the Cmax value tends to be higher in children. Lung deposition in children (31% of the nominal dose) is similar to that measured in healthy adults (34% of nominal dose).
Special caution is necessary in patients with active or quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis, and in patients with fungal or viral infections in the airways.
Non steroid-dependent patients: A therapeutic effect is usually reached within 10 days. In patients with excessive mucus secretion in the bronchi, a short (about 2 weeks) additional oral corticosteroid regimen can be given initially.
Steroid-dependent patients: When transferral from oral steroids to Budo San is started, the patient should be in a relatively stable phase. A high dose of Budo San is then given in combination with the previously used oral steroid dose for about 10 days.
After that, the oral steroid dose should be gradually reduced (by for example 2.5 milligrams prednisolone or the equivalent each month) to the lowest possible level. In many cases, it is possible to completely substitute Pulmicort for the oral steroid.
During transfer from oral therapy to Pulmicort, a generally lower systemic steroid action will be experienced which may result in the appearance of allergic or arthritic symptoms such as rhinitis, eczema and muscle and joint pain. Specific treatment should be initiated for these conditions. During the withdrawal of oral steroids, patients may feel unwell in a non-specific way, even though respiratory function is maintained or improved. Patients should be encouraged to continue with Pulmicort therapy whilst withdrawing the oral steroid, unless there are clinical signs to indicate the contrary. A general insufficient glucocorticosteroid effect should be suspected if, in rare cases, symptoms such as tiredness, headache, nausea and vomiting should occur. In these cases a temporary increase in the dose of oral glucocorticosteroids is sometimes necessary.
As with other inhalation therapy, paradoxical bronchospasm may occur, with an immediate increase in wheezing after dosing. If this occurs, treatment with inhaled budesonide should be discontinued immediately, the patient assessed and alternative therapy instituted if necessary.
Patients who have previously been dependent on oral steroids may, as a result of prolonged systemic steroid therapy, experience the effects of impaired adrenal function. Recovery may take a considerable amount of time after cessation of oral steroid therapy, hence oral steroid-dependent patients transferred to budesonide may remain at risk from impaired adrenal function for some considerable time. In such circumstances, HPA axis functions should be monitored regularly.
Acute exacerbations of asthma may need an increase in the dose of Pulmicort or additional treatment with a short course of oral corticosteroid and/or an antibiotic, if there is an infection. The patient should be advised to use a short-acting inhaled bronchodilator as rescue medication to relieve acute asthma symptoms.
Pulmicort is not intended for rapid relief of acute episodes of asthma where an inhaled short-acting bronchodilator is required.
If patients find short-acting bronchodilator treatment ineffective or they need more inhalations than usual, medical attention must be sought. In this situation consideration should be given to the need for or an increase in their regular therapy, e.g., higher doses of inhaled budesonide or the addition of a long-acting beta agonist, or for a course of oral glucocorticosteroid.
Patients, who have required high dose emergency corticosteroid therapy or prolonged treatment at the highest recommended dose of inhaled corticosteroids, may also be at risk of impaired adrenal function. These patients may exhibit signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency when exposed to severe stress. Additional systemic corticosteroid treatment should be considered during periods of stress or elective surgery. These patients should be instructed to carry a steroid warning card indicating their needs. Treatment with supplementary systemic steroids or Pulmicort should not be stopped abruptly.
Systemic effects may occur with any inhaled corticosteroids, particularly at high doses prescribed for long periods. These effects are much less likely to occur with inhalation treatment than with oral corticosteroids. Possible systemic effects include Cushing's syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression, growth retardation in children and adolescents, decrease in bone mineral density, cataract, glaucoma and more rarely, a range of psychological or behavioural effects including psychomotor hyperactivity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression or aggression (particularly in children). It is important, therefore, that the dose of inhaled corticosteroid is titrated to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained.
Reduced liver function affects the elimination of corticosteroids causing lower elimination rate and higher systemic exposure. Be aware of possible systemic side effects.
The plasma clearance following an intravenous dose of budesonide however was similar in cirrhotic patients and in healthy subjects. After oral ingestion systemic availability of budesonide was increased by compromised liver function due to decreased first pass metabolism. The clinical relevance of this to treatment with Pulmicort is unknown as no data exist for inhaled budesonide, but increases in plasma levels and hence an increased risk of systemic adverse effects could be expected.
Co-treatment with CYP3A inhibitors, e.g. itraconazole, ketoconazole, HIV protease inhibitors and cobicistat-containing products is expected to increase the risk of systemic corticosteroid side effects. Therefore, the combination should be avoided unless the benefit outweighs this increased risk, in which case patients should be monitored for systemic corticosteroid side effects. This is of limited clinical importance for short-term (1-2 weeks) treatment with itraconazole or ketoconazole or other potent CYP3A inhibitors, but should be taken into consideration during long-term treatment. A reduction in the dose of budesonide should also be considered.
Oral candidiasis may occur during the therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. This infection may require treatment with appropriate antifungal therapy and in some patients discontinuation of treatment may be necessary.
Pneumonia in patients with COPD
An increase in the incidence of pneumonia, including pneumonia requiring hospitalisation, has been observed in patients with COPD receiving inhaled corticosteroids. There is some evidence of an increased risk of pneumonia with increasing steroid dose but this has not been demonstrated conclusively across all studies.
There is no conclusive clinical evidence for intra-class differences in the magnitude of the pneumonia risk among inhaled corticosteroid products.
Physicians should remain vigilant for the possible development of pneumonia in patients with COPD as the clinical features of such infections overlap with the symptoms of COPD exacerbations.
Risk factors for pneumonia in patients with COPD include current smoking, older age, low body mass index (BMI) and severe COPD.
Visual disturbance
Visual disturbance may be reported with systemic and topical corticosteroid use. If a patient presents with symptoms such as blurred vision or other visual disturbances, the patient should be considered for referral to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of possible causes which may include cataract, glaucoma or rare diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCS) which have been reported after use of systemic and topical corticosteroids.
Paediatric populations
Influence on growth
It is recommended that the height of children receiving prolonged treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is regularly monitored. If growth is slowed, therapy should be re-evaluated with the aim of reducing the dose of inhaled corticosteroid, if possible, to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained. The benefit of the corticosteroid therapy and the possible risk of growth suppression must be carefully weighed. In addition, consideration should be given to referring the patient to a paediatric respiratory specialist.
Budo San has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Posology
When transferring patients to Turbohaler from other devices, treatment should be individualised, whether once or twice daily dosing is being used. The drug and method of delivery should be considered.
Divided doses (twice daily):
The dosage should be individualised.
The dose should always be reduced to the minimum needed to maintain good asthma control.
Adults (including the elderly) and children over 12 years of age: When starting treatment, during periods of severe asthma and while reducing or discontinuing oral glucocorticosteroids, the dosage in adults should be 200 - 1600 micrograms daily, in divided doses.
In less severe cases and children over 12 years of age, 200 - 800 micrograms daily, in divided doses, may be used. During periods of severe asthma, the daily dosage can be increased to up to 1600 micrograms, in divided doses.
Children 5 - 12 years of age: 200 - 800 micrograms daily, in divided doses. During periods of severe asthma, the daily dose can be increased up to 800 micrograms.
Once daily dosage:
The dosage should be individualised.
The dose should always be reduced to the minimum needed to maintain good asthma control.
Adults (including the elderly) and children over 12 years of age: 200 micrograms to 400 micrograms may be used in patients with mild to moderate asthma who have not previously received inhaled glucocorticosteroids.
Up to 800 micrograms may be used by patients with mild to moderate asthma already controlled on inhaled steroids (e.g. budesonide or beclomethasone dipropionate), administered twice daily.
Children 5 - 12 years of age: 200 micrograms to 400 micrograms may be used in children with mild to moderate asthma who have not previously received inhaled glucocorticosteroids, or who are already controlled on inhaled steroids (e.g. budesonide or beclomethasone dipropionate), administered twice daily.
The patient should be transferred to once daily dosing at the same equivalent total daily dose; the drug and method of delivery should be considered. The dose should subsequently be reduced to the minimum needed to maintain good asthma control.
Patients should be instructed to take the once daily dose in the evening. It is important that the dose is taken consistently and at a similar time each evening.
There are insufficient data to make recommendations for the transfer of patients from newer inhaled steroids to once daily Budo San.
Patients, in particular those receiving once daily treatment, should be advised that if their asthma deteriorates (e.g. increased frequency of bronchodilator use or persistent respiratory symptoms) they should double their steroid dose, by administering it twice daily, and should contact their doctor as soon as possible.
In patients where an increased therapeutic effect is desired, an increased dose of Pulmicort is recommended because of the lower risk of systemic effects as compared with a combined treatment with oral glucocorticosteroids.
Patients maintained on oral glucocorticosteroids
Budo San may permit replacement or significant reduction in dosage of oral glucocorticosteroids while maintaining asthma control.
Patients should be reminded of the importance of taking prophylactic therapy regularly, even when they are asymptomatic. A short-acting inhaled bronchodilator should be made available for the relief of acute asthma symptoms.
Method of administration
Budo San is for oral inhalation.
Turbohaler is inspiratory flow-driven which means that, when the patient inhales through the mouthpiece, the substance will follow the inspired air into the airways.
Note: It is important to instruct the patient:
- To carefully read the instructions for use in the patient information leaflet, which is packed with each Turbohaler
- To breathe in forcefully and deeply through the mouthpiece to ensure that an optimal dose is delivered to the lungs
- Never to breathe out through the mouthpiece
- To minimise the risk of oropharyngeal candida infection, the patient should rinse their mouth out with water after inhaling.
The patient may not taste or feel any medication when using Turbohaler due to the small amount of drug dispensed.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
