No case of overdose has occurred with COLAZAL. A 3-year-old boy is reported to have ingested 2 g of another mesalamine product. He was treated with ipecac and activated charcoal with no adverse reactions.
If an overdose occurs with COLAZAL, treatment should be supportive, with particular attention to correction of electrolyte abnormalities.
Patients with hypersensitivity to salicylates or to any of the components of COLAZAL capsules or balsalazide metabolites. Hypersensitivity reactions may include, but are not limited to the following: anaphylaxis, bronchospasm, and skin reaction.
Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical studies of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Adult Ulcerative ColitisDuring clinical development, 259 adult patients with active ulcerative colitis were exposed to 6.75 g/day COLAZAL in 4 controlled trials.
In the 4 controlled clinical trials patients receiving a COLAZAL dose of 6.75 g/day most frequently reported the following adverse reactions: headache (8%), abdominal pain (6%), diarrhea (5%), nausea (5%), vomiting (4%), respiratory infection (4%), and arthralgia (4%). Withdrawal from therapy due to adverse reactions was comparable among patients on COLAZAL and placebo.
Adverse reactions reported by 1% or more of patients who participated in the 4 well-controlled, Phase 3 trials are presented by treatment group (Table 1).
The number of placebo patients (35), however, is too small for valid comparisons. Some adverse reactions, such as abdominal pain, fatigue, and nausea were reported more frequently in women than in men. Abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and anemia can be part of the clinical presentation of ulcerative colitis.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% of Adult COLAZAL Patients in Controlled Trials*
| Adverse Reaction | COLAZAL 6.75 g/day [N=259] | Placebo [N=35] |
| Abdominal pain | 16 (6%) | 1 (3%) |
| Diarrhea | 14 (5%) | 1 (3%) |
| Arthralgia | 9 (4%) | 0% |
| Rhinitis | 6 (2%) | 0% |
| Insomnia | 6 (2%) | 0% |
| Fatigue | 6 (2%) | 0% |
| Flatulence | 5 (2%) | 0% |
| Fever | 5 (2%) | 0% |
| Dyspepsia | 5 (2%) | 0% |
| Pharyngitis | 4 (2%) | 0% |
| Coughing | 4 (2%) | 0% |
| Anorexia | 4 (2%) | 0% |
| Urinary tract infection | 3 (1%) | 0% |
| Myalgia | 3 (1%) | 0% |
| Flu-like disorder | 3 (1%) | 0% |
| Dry mouth | 3 (1%) | 0% |
| Cramps | 3 (1%) | 0% |
| Constipation | 3 (1%) | 0% |
| *Adverse reactions occurring in at least 1% of Colazal patients which were less frequent than placebo for the same event were not included in the table. |
In a clinical trial in 68 pediatric patients aged 5 to 17 years with mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis who received 6.75 g/day or 2.25 g/day COLAZAL for 8 weeks, the most frequently reported adverse reactions were headache (15%), abdominal pain upper (13%), abdominal pain (12%), vomiting (10%), diarrhea (9%), colitis ulcerative (6%), nasopharyngitis (6%), and pyrexia (6%).
One patient who received COLAZAL 6.75 g/day and 3 patients who received COLAZAL 2.25 g/ day discontinued treatment because of adverse reactions. In addition, 2 patients in each dose group discontinued because of a lack of efficacy.
Adverse reactions reported by 3% or more of pediatric patients within either treatment group in the Phase 3 trial are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions Reported by ≥ 3% of Patients in Either Treatment Group in a Controlled Study of 68 Pediatric Patients
| Adverse Reaction | COLAZAL 6.75 g/day [N=33] | 2.25 g/day [N=35] | Total [N=68] |
| Headache | 5 (15%) | 5 (14%) | 10 (15%) |
| Abdominal pain upper | 3 (9%) | 6 (17%) | 9 (13%) |
| Abdominal pain | 4 (12%) | 4 (11%) | 8 (12%) |
| Vomiting | 1 (3%) | 6 (17%) | 7 (10%) |
| Diarrhea | 2 (6%) | 4 (11%) | 6 (9%) |
| Colitis ulcerative | 2 (6%) | 2 (6%) | 4 (6%) |
| Nasopharyngitis | 3 (9%) | 1 (3%) | 4 (6%) |
| Pyrexia | 0 (0%) | 4 (11%) | 4 (6%) |
| Hematochezia | 0 (0%) | 3 (9%) | 3 (4%) |
| Nausea | 0 (0%) | 3 (9%) | 3 (4%) |
| Influenza | 1 (3%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (4%) |
| Fatigue | 2 (6%) | 1 (3%) | 3 (4%) |
| Stomatitis | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 2 (3%) |
| Cough | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 2 (3%) |
| Pharyngolaryngeal pain | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) |
| Dysmenorrhea | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) |
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of balsalazide in clinical practice:
myocarditis, pericarditis, vasculitis, pruritus, pleural effusion, pneumonia (with and without eosinophilia), alveolitis, renal failure, interstitial nephritis, pancreatitis, and alopecia.
Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These adverse reactions have been chosen for inclusion due to a combination of seriousness, frequency of reporting, or potential causal connection to balsalazide.
HepaticPostmarketing adverse reactions of hepatotoxicity have been reported for products which contain (or are metabolized to) mesalamine, including elevated liver function tests (SGOT/AST, SGPT/ALT, GGT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin), jaundice, cholestatic jaundice, cirrhosis, hepatocellular damage including liver necrosis and liver failure. Some of these cases were fatal; however, no fatalities associated with these adverse reactions were reported in COLAZAL clinical trials. One case of Kawasaki-like syndrome which included hepatic function changes was also reported, however, this adverse reaction was not reported in COLAZAL clinical trials.
COLAZAL is indicated for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis in patients 5 years of age and older. Safety and effectiveness of COLAZAL beyond 8 weeks in children (ages 5-17 years) and 12 weeks in adults have not been established.
COLAZAL capsules contain a powder of balsalazide disodium that is insoluble in acid and designed to be delivered to the colon as the intact prodrug. Upon reaching the colon, bacterial azoreductases cleave the compound to release 5-ASA, the therapeutically active portion of the molecule, and 4-aminobenzoyl-ß-alanine. The 5-ASA is further metabolized to yield N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid (N-Ac-5-ASA), a second key metabolite.
AbsorptionThe plasma pharmacokinetics of balsalazide and its key metabolites from a crossover study in healthy volunteers are summarized in Table 3. In this study, a single oral dose of COLAZAL 2.25 g was administered to healthy volunteers as intact capsules (3 x 750 mg) under fasting conditions, as intact capsules (3 x 750 mg) after a high-fat meal, and unencapsulated (3 x 750 mg) as sprinkles on applesauce.
Table 3: Plasma Pharmacokinetics for Balsalazide and Key Metabolites (5—ASA and N-Ac-5- ASA) with Administration of COLAZAL Following a Fast, a High-Fat Meal, and Drug Contents Sprinkled on Applesauce (Mean ± SD)
| Fasting n = 17 | High-fat Meal n = 17 | Sprinkled n = 17 | |
| Cmax (μg/mL) | |||
| Balsalazide | 0.51 ± 0.32 | 0.45 ± 0.39 | 0.21 ± 0.12 |
| 5-ASA | 0.22 ± 0.12 | 0.11 ± 0.136 | 0.29 ± 0.17 |
| N-Ac-5-ASA | 0.88 ± 0.39 | 0.64 ± 0.534 | 1.04 ± 0.57 |
| AUClast (μghr/mL) | |||
| Balsalazide | 1.35 ± 0.73 | 1.52 ± 1.01 | 0.87 ± 0.48 |
| 5-ASA | 2.59 ± 1.46 | 2.10 ± 2.58 | 2.99 ± 1.70 |
| N-Ac-5-ASA | 17.8 ± 8.14 | 17.7 ± 13.7 | 20.0 ± 11.4 |
| Tmax (h) | |||
| Balsalazide | 0.8 ± 0.85 | 1.2 ± 1.11 | 1.6 ± 0.44 |
| 5-ASA | 8.2 ± 1.98 | 22.0 ± 8.23 | 8.7 ± 1.99 |
| N-Ac-5-ASA | 9.9 ± 2.49 | 20.2 ± 8.94 | 10.8 ± 5.39 |
A relatively low systemic exposure was observed under all three administered conditions (fasting, fed with high-fat meal, sprinkled on applesauce), which reflects the variable, but minimal absorption of balsalazide disodium and its metabolites. The data indicate that both Cmax and AUClast were lower, while tmax was markedly prolonged, under fed (high-fat meal) compared to fasted conditions. Moreover, the data suggest that dosing balsalazide disodium as a sprinkle or as a capsule provides highly variable, but relatively similar mean pharmacokinetic parameter values. No inference can be made as to how the systemic exposure differences of balsalazide and its metabolites in this study might predict the clinical efficacy under different dosing conditions (i.e., fasted, fed with high-fat meal, or sprinkled on applesauce) since clinical efficacy after balsalazide disodium administration is presumed to be primarily due to the local effects of 5-ASA on the colonic mucosa.
In a separate study of adult patients with ulcerative colitis, who received balsalazide, 1.5 g twice daily, for over 1 year, systemic drug exposure, based on mean AUC values, was up to 60 times greater (0.008 μg•hr/mL to 0.480 μg•hr/mL) when compared to that obtained in healthy subjects who received the same dose.
DistributionThe binding of balsalazide to human plasma proteins was ≥ 99%.
MetabolismThe products of the azoreduction of this compound, 5-ASA and 4-aminobenzoyl-ß-alanine, and their N-acetylated metabolites have been identified in plasma, urine and feces.
EliminationFollowing single-dose administration of 2.25 g COLAZAL (three 750 mg capsules) under fasting conditions in healthy subjects, mean urinary recovery of balsalazide, 5-ASA, and N-Ac-5-ASA was 0.20%, 0.22% and 10.2%, respectively.
In a multiple-dose study in healthy subjects receiving a COLAZAL dose of two 750 mg capsules twice daily (3 g/day) for 10 days, mean urinary recovery of balsalazide, 5-ASA, and N-Ac-5-ASA was 0.1%, 0%, and 11.3%, respectively. During this study, subjects received their morning dose 0.5 hours after being fed a standard meal, and subjects received their evening dose 2 hours after being fed a standard meal.
In a study with 10 healthy volunteers, 65% of a single 2.25-gram dose of COLAZAL was recovered as 5-ASA, 4-aminobenzoyl-ß-alanine, and the N-acetylated metabolites in feces, while < 1% of the dose was recovered as parent compound.
In a study that examined the disposition of balsalazide in patients who were taking 3-6 g of COLAZAL daily for more than 1 year and who were in remission from ulcerative colitis, less than 1% of an oral dose was recovered as intact balsalazide in the urine. Less than 4% of the dose was recovered as 5-ASA, while virtually no 4-aminobenzoyl-ß-alanine was detected in urine. The mean urinary recovery of N-Ac-5-ASA and N-acetyl-4-aminobenzoyl-s-alanine comprised < 16% and < 12% of the balsalazide dose, respectively. No fecal recovery studies were performed in this population.
Pediatric PopulationIn studies of pediatric patients with mild-to-moderate active ulcerative colitis receiving three 750 mg COLAZAL capsules 3 times daily (6.75 g/day) for 8 weeks, steady state was reached within 2 weeks, as observed in adult patients. Likewise, the pharmacokinetics of balsalazide, 5-ASA, and N-Ac-5-ASA were characterized by very large inter-patient variability, which is also similar to that seen in adult patients.
The pro-drug moiety, balsalazide, appeared to exhibit dose-independent (i.e., dose-linear) kinetics in children, and the systemic exposure parameters (Cmax and AUC0-8) increased in an almost dose-proportional fashion after the 6.75 g/day versus the 2.25 g/day doses. However, the absolute magnitude of these exposure parameters was greater relative to adults. The Cmax and AUC0-8 observed in pediatric patients were 26% and 102% greater than those observed in adult patients at the 6.75 g/ day dosage level. In contrast, the systemic exposure parameters for the active metabolites, 5-ASA and N-Ac-5-ASA, in pediatric patients increased in a less than dose-proportional manner after the 6.75 g/ day dose versus the 2.25 g/day dose. Additionally, the magnitude of these exposure parameters was decreased for both metabolites relative to adults. For the metabolite of key safety concern from a systemic exposure perspective, 5-ASA, the Cmax and AUC0-8 observed in pediatric patients were 67% and 64% lower than those observed in adult patients at the 6.75 g/day dosage level. Likewise, for N-Ac-5-ASA, the Cmax and AUC0-8 observed in pediatric patients were 68% and 55% lower than those observed in adult patients at the 6.75 g/day dosage level.
All pharmacokinetic studies with COLAZAL are characterized by large variability in the plasmaconcentration versus time profiles for balsalazide and its metabolites, thus half-life estimates of these analytes are indeterminate.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
PRECAUTIONS Exacerbations Of Ulcerative ColitisIn the adult clinical trials, 3 out of 259 patients reported exacerbation of the symptoms of ulcerative colitis. In the pediatric clinical trials, 4 out of 68 patients reported exacerbation of the symptoms of ulcerative colitis.
Observe patients closely for worsening of these symptoms while on treatment.
Pyloric StenosisPatients with pyloric stenosis may have prolonged gastric retention of COLAZAL capsules.
RenalRenal toxicity has been observed in animals and patients given other mesalamine products. Therefore, caution should be exercised when administering COLAZAL to patients with known renal dysfunction or a history of renal disease.
Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityIn a 24-month rat (Sprague Dawley) carcinogenicity study, oral (dietary) balsalazide disodium at doses up to 2 g/kg/day was not tumorigenic. For a 50-kg person of average height this dose represents 2.4 times the recommended human dose on a body surface area basis. Balsalazide disodium was not genotoxic in the following in vitro or in vivo tests: Ames test, human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration test, and mouse lymphoma cell (L5178Y/TK+/-) forward mutation test, or mouse micronucleus test. However, it was genotoxic in the in vitro Chinese hamster lung cell (CH V79/ HGPRT) forward mutation test.
4-aminobenzoyl-s-alanine, a metabolite of balsalazide disodium, was not genotoxic in the Ames test and the mouse lymphoma cell (L5178Y/TK+/-) forward mutation test but was positive in the human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration test. N-acetyl-4-aminobenzoyl-ß-alanine, a conjugated metabolite of balsalazide disodium, was not genotoxic in Ames test, the mouse lymphoma cell (L5178Y/TK+/-) forward mutation test, or the human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration test. Balsalazide disodium at oral doses up to 2 g/kg/day, 2.4 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area, was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance in rats.
Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Pregnancy Category BReproduction studies were performed in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to 2 g/kg/day, 2.4 and 4.7 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area for the rat and rabbit, respectively, and revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to balsalazide disodium. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing MothersIt is not known whether balsalazide disodium is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when COLAZAL is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric UseUse of COLAZAL in pediatric and adolescent patients 5 to 17 years of age for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis is supported by:
Based on the limited data available, dosing can be initiated at either 6.75 or 2.25 g/day.
Safety and efficacy of COLAZAL in pediatric patients below the age of 5 years have not been established.
For treatment of active ulcerative colitis in adult patients, the usual dose is three 750 mg COLAZAL capsules to be taken 3 times a day (6.75 g per day) for up to 8 weeks. Some patients in the adult clinical trials required treatment for up to 12 weeks.
Pediatric DoseFor treatment of active ulcerative colitis in pediatric patients, aged 5 to 17 years, the usual dose is EITHER:
Use of COLAZAL in the pediatric population for more than 8 weeks has not been evaluated in clinical trials.
Administration AlternativesCOLAZAL capsules may also be administered by carefully opening the capsule and sprinkling the capsule contents on applesauce. The entire drug/applesauce mixture should be swallowed immediately; the contents may be chewed, if necessary, since contents of COLAZAL are NOT coated beads/granules. Patients should be instructed not to store any drug/applesauce mixture for future use.
If the capsules are opened for sprinkling, color variation of the powder inside the capsules ranges from orange to yellow and is expected due to color variation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
Teeth and/or tongue staining may occur in some patients who use COLAZAL in sprinkle form with food.
