Serious overdosage with hydrocodone is characterized by respiratory depression (a decrease in respiratory rate and/or tidal volume, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, cyanosis), extreme somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, and sometimes bradycardia and hypotension. Although miosis is characteristic of narcotic overdose, mydriasis may occur in terminal narcosis or severe hypoxia. In severe overdosage apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest and death may occur. The manifestations of chlorpheniramine overdosage may vary from central nervous system depression to stimulation.
TreatmentPrimary attention should be given to the reestablishment of adequate respiratory exchange through provision of a patent airway and the institution of assisted or controlled ventilation. The narcotic antagonist naloxone hydrochloride is a specific antidote for respiratory depression which may result from overdosage or unusual sensitivity to narcotics including hydrocodone. Therefore, an appropriate dose of naloxone hydrochloride should be administered, preferably by the intravenous route, simultaneously with efforts at respiratory resuscitation. Since the duration of action of hydrocodone in this formulation may exceed that of the antagonist, the patient should be kept under continued surveillance and repeated doses of the antagonist should be administered as needed to maintain adequate respiration. For further information, see full prescribing information for naloxone hydrochloride. An antagonist should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory depression. Oxygen, intravenous fluids, vasopressors and other supportive measures should be employed as indicated. Gastric emptying may be useful in removing unabsorbed drug.
TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is contraindicated in patients with a known allergy or sensitivity to hydrocodone or chlorpheniramine.
The use of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is contraindicated in children less than 6 years of age due to the risk of fatal respiratory depression.
Nausea and vomiting may occur; they are more frequent in ambulatory than in recumbent patients. Prolonged administration of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension may produce constipation.
General Disorders And Administration Site ConditionsDeath
Nervous System DisordersSedation, drowsiness, mental clouding, lethargy, impairment of mental and physical performance, anxiety, fear, dysphoria, euphoria, dizziness, psychic dependence, mood changes.
Renal And Urinary DisordersUreteral spasm, spasm of vesical sphincters, and urinary retention have been reported with opiates.
Respiratory, Thoracic And Mediastinal DisordersDryness of the pharynx, occasional tightness of the chest, and respiratory depression (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension may produce dose-related respiratory depression by acting directly on brain stem respiratory centers (see OVERDOSE). Use of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension in children less than 6 years of age has been associated with fatal respiratory depression. Overdose with TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended- Release Suspension in children 6 years of age and older, in adolescents, and in adults has been associated with fatal respiratory depression.
Skin And Subcutaneous Tissue DisordersRash, pruritus.
TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is indicated for relief of cough and upper respiratory symptoms associated with allergy or a cold in adults and children 6 years of age and older.
Concomitant use of opioids, including TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension, with benzodiazepines, or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Because of these risks, avoid use of opioid cough medications in patients taking benzodiazepines, other CNS depressants, or alcohol (see DRUG INTERACTIONS).
Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioids alone. Because of similar pharmacologic properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with concomitant use of opioid cough medications and benzodiazepines, other CNS depressants, or alcohol.
Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation if TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is used with benzodiazepines, alcohol, or other CNS depressants (see PRECAUTIONS, Information For Patients).
Respiratory DepressionAs with all narcotics, TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension produces dose-related respiratory depression by directly acting on brain stem respiratory centers. Hydrocodone affects the center that controls respiratory rhythm and may produce irregular and periodic breathing. Caution should be exercised when TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is used postoperatively and in patients with pulmonary disease, or whenever ventilatory function is depressed. If respiratory depression occurs, it may be antagonized by the use of naloxone hydrochloride and other supportive measures when indicated (see OVERDOSE).
Head Injury And Increased Intracranial PressureThe respiratory depressant effects of narcotics and their capacity to elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure may be markedly exaggerated in the presence of head injury, other intracranial lesions, or a pre-existing increase in intracranial pressure. Furthermore, narcotics produce adverse reactions, which may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injuries.
Acute Abdominal ConditionsThe administration of narcotics may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions.
Obstructive Bowel DiseaseChronic use of narcotics may result in obstructive bowel disease especially in patients with underlying intestinal motility disorder.
Pediatric UseThe use of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is contraindicated in children less than 6 years of age (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
In pediatric patients, as well as adults, the respiratory center is sensitive to the depressant action of narcotic cough suppressants in a dose-dependent manner. Caution should be exercised when administering TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension to pediatric patients 6 years of age and older. Overdose or concomitant administration of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension with other respiratory depressants may increase the risk of respiratory depression in pediatric patients. Benefit to risk ratio should be carefully considered, especially in pediatric patients with respiratory embarrassment (e.g., croup) (see PRECAUTIONS).
PRECAUTIONS GeneralCaution is advised when prescribing this drug to patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, asthma, or prostatic hypertrophy.
Special Risk PatientsAs with any narcotic agent, TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension should be used with caution in elderly or debilitated patients and those with severe impairment of hepatic or renal function, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, prostatic hypertrophy, or urethral stricture. The usual precautions should be observed and the possibility of respiratory depression should be kept in mind.
Information For PatientsAdvise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Concomitant Use With Benzodiazepines Or Other CNS DepressantsInform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol. Because of this risk, patients should avoid concomitant use of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol (see WARNINGS and DRUG INTERACTIONS).
Neurological Adverse ReactionsAdvise patients that TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension may produce marked drowsiness and impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. Advise patients to avoid driving or operating machinery during treatment with TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension.
Dosing InstructionsAdvise patients not to dilute TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension with other fluids and not to mix with other drugs as this may alter the resin-binding and change the absorption rate, possibly increasing the toxicity.
Advise patients that TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension should be measured with an accurate measuring device. A household teaspoon is not an accurate measuring device and could lead to overdosage. A dosing spoon is provided with the 4 oz (115 mL) packaged product. One side of the spoon is for a 2.5 mL dose. The other side of the spoon is for a 5 mL dose. Instruct the patient to fill to level the side of the spoon for the dose that has been prescribed. The spoon should not be overfilled. Rinse the measuring device or dosing spoon after each use.
Alternatively, a pharmacist can recommend an appropriate measuring device and can provide instructions for measuring the correct dose.
Cough ReflexHydrocodone suppresses the cough reflex; as with all narcotics, caution should be exercised when TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is used postoperatively, and in patients with pulmonary disease.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityCarcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive studies have not been conducted with TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension.
Pregnancy Teratogenic EffectsPregnancy Category C
Hydrocodone has been shown to be teratogenic in hamsters when given in doses 700 times the human dose. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nonteratogenic EffectsBabies born to mothers who have been taking opioids regularly prior to delivery will be physically dependent. The withdrawal signs include irritability and excessive crying, tremors, hyperactive reflexes, increased respiratory rate, increased stools, sneezing, yawning, vomiting, and fever. The intensity of the syndrome does not always correlate with the duration of maternal opioid use or dose.
Labor And DeliveryAs with all narcotics, administration of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension to the mother shortly before delivery may result in some degree of respiratory depression in the newborn, especially if higher doses are used.
Nursing MothersIt is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric UseThe use of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension is contraindicated in children less than 6 years of age (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS, Respiratory, Thoracic And Mediastinal Disorders).
TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension should be used with caution in pediatric patients 6 years of age and older (see WARNINGS, Pediatric Use).
Geriatric UseClinical studies of TUSSIONEX did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
It is important that TUSSIONEX is measured with an accurate measuring device (see PRECAUTIONS, PATIENT INFORMATION).
A dosing spoon is provided with the 4 oz (115 mL) packaged product. One side of the spoon is for a 2.5 mL dose. The other side of the spoon is for a 5 mL dose. Fill to level the side of the spoon for the dose that has been prescribed. Do not overfill. Rinse with water after each use.
For prescriptions where a dosing spoon is not provided, a pharmacist can provide an appropriate measuring device and can provide instructions for measuring the correct dose. A household teaspoon is not an accurate measuring device and could lead to overdosage.
Each 5 mL of TUSSIONEX Pennkinetic Extended-Release Suspension contains hydrocodone polistirex equivalent to 10 mg hydrocodone bitartrate, and chlorpheniramine polistirex equivalent to 8 mg chlorpheniramine maleate. Shake well before using. Rinse the measuring device with water after each use.
Adults And Children 12 Years And Older5 mL every 12 hours; do not exceed 10 mL in 24 hours.
Children 6-11 Years Of Age2.5 mL every 12 hours; do not exceed 5 mL in 24 hours.
This medicine is contraindicated in children under 6 years of age (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
