Alficetin

Overdose

Overdosage may cause apnoea, muscle weakness, vertigo, transient facial paraesthesia, slurred speech, vasomotor instability, visual disturbances, confusion, psychosis and renal insufficiency.

No antidote is available. Management of overdose is by means of supportive treatment and measures designed to increase clearance of colistimethate sodium such as inducing an osmotic diuresis with mannitol, peritoneal dialysis or prolonged haemodialysis.

Contraindications

Alficetin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to colistimethate sodium or other polymyxins.

Colistimethate sodium is known to reduce the amount of acetylcholine released from the pre-synaptic neuromuscular junction and therefore should not be used in patients with myasthenia gravis.

Incompatibilities

The addition of other antibiotics to solutions of Alficetin may lead to precipitation.

Undesirable effects

Adverse reactions are tabulated below by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as Very common (>1/10): common (>1/100 to <1/10): uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100): rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000) and very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)

Should hypersensitivity reactions such as skin rash occur treatment with colistimethate sodium should be withdrawn.

Cases of sore throat or sore mouth may be due to hypersensitivity or superinfection with Candida species.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via;

Yellow Card Scheme

Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard

Preclinical safety data

Animal studies with colistimethate do not indicate adverse effects on fertility or embryo-foetal development. Peri-postnatal studies have not been conducted.

Data on potential genotoxicity and carcinogenicity for colistimethate sodium are lacking. Colistin has been shown to induce chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro an effect that might be related to a reduction in mitotic index, which was also observed. Colistin was not mutagenic in a set of other tests.

Therapeutic indications

Alficetin is indicated for the management in adult and paediatric of chronic pulmonary infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: other antibacterials, Polymyxins.

ATC code: J01XB01

General properties

Mode of action

Colistimethate sodium is a prodrug of colistin, a polymyxin antibiotic , (belonging to the polymyxin E group). It is a polypeptide structure and is derived from Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus.

The polymyxin antibiotics are surface active agents and act by binding to and changing the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane causing bacterial cell death. Polymyxins are bactericidal against Gram-negative bacteria with a hydrophobic outer membrane.

PK/PD relationship

Polymyxins have been reported to have a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect on susceptible bacteria.

Mechanisms of resistance

Resistance develops due to modifications of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or other components in the bacterial cell membrane.

Susceptibility

The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.

Commonly susceptible species

Acinetobacter species

Haemophilus influenzae

Klebsiella species

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Achromobacter xylosoxidans (formerly Alcaligenes xylosoxidans)

Inherently resistant organisms

Burkholderia cepacia and related species

Proteus spp

Providencia spp

Serratia spp

Resistance

Colistimethate sodium acquired resistance in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been reported to be approximately 3%. However, local rates of resistance may vary including higher rates.

Cross resistance

The resistance to polymyxins is not crossed with other antibiotic families.

Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption

Gastrointestinal absorption is negligible hence the swallowing of colistimethate sodium deposited in the nasopharynx is unlikely to add to the systemic exposure.

Absorption following lung administration is influenced by the nebuliser system, aerosol droplet size and disease state of the lungs.

Pharmacokinetics

A study in healthy volunteers, who inhaled colistimethate sodium, demonstrated the Cmax of polymyxin E1 (the active moiety) varied between 40.0 and 69.9 ng/mL and the AUC varied between 350 and 668 ng/mL/h depending on the nebuliser and the fill volume and concentration, which varied the dose from 0.3 million IU to 2 million IU. The half-life was approximately 5.2 hours. The absolute bioavailability was calculated to vary between 5% and 18% depending on the nebuliser. The AUC following an intravenous dose of 0.5 million IU was 3,352 ng/mL/h and the Cmax was 1,232 ng/mL.

Biotransformation

Colistimethate sodium undergoes conversion to its base in vivo.

Elimination

There is no information on the elimination of colistimethate sodium following nebulisation.

Following i.v. administration excretion is primarily renal with 62% of a parenteral dose recovered in the urine within 8 hours and around 80% in 24 hours.

Name of the medicinal product

Qualitative and quantitative composition

Special warnings and precautions for use

Bronchospasm

Nebulisation of colistimethate sodium may induce coughing or bronchospasm. It is advisable to administer the first dose under medical supervision. Pre-dosing with a bronchodilator is recommended and should be routine, especially if this is part of the patient's current therapeutic regimen. FEV1 should be evaluated pre and post dosing. If there is evidence of colistimethate sodium induced bronchial hyperreactivity in a patient not receiving pre-treatment bronchodilators the test should be repeated on a separate occasion using a bronchodilator. Evidence of bronchial hyperreactivity in the presence of a bronchodilator may indicate an allergic response and Alficetin should be discontinued. Bronchospasm that occurs should be treated as medically indicated.

Bronchial hyperreactivity in response to colistimethate sodium may develop with continued use over time and it is recommended that pre and post treatment FEV1s are evaluated at regular clinic visits.

Renal impairment

Colistimethate sodium is renally excreted and is nephrotoxic if high serum concentrations are achieved. Whilst this is unlikely during inhalation therapy, serum concentration estimations are recommended especially in patients with renal impairment.

Nephrotoxicity

Impairment of renal function has been reported, usually following use of higher than recommended intravenous or intramuscular doses in patients with normal renal function, or failure to reduce the intravenous or intramuscular dosage in patients with renal impairment or when used concomitantly with other nephrotoxic drugs. The effect is usually reversible on discontinuation of therapy.

Neurotoxicity

High serum concentrations of colistimethate sodium after intravenous or intramuscular administration may be associated with overdosage or failure to reduce the dosage in patients with renal impairment, and this may lead to neurotoxicity.)

Porphyria

Use with extreme caution in patients with porphyria.

Microbial Resistance

Colistimethate sodium acquired resistance in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa during clinical use has been reported. Susceptibility testing should be performed on patients who are treated on a long term basis, at regular clinic visits, and whenever a patient experiences an exacerbation.

Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Neurotoxicity, characterised by dizziness, confusion or visual disturbances have been reported following parenteral administration of colistimethate sodium. If these effects occur patients should be warned against driving or operating machinery.

Dosage (Posology) and method of administration

It is recommended that colistimethate sodium (CMS) should be administered under the supervision of physicians with appropriate experience in its use.

Posology

The dosage can be adjusted depending on the severity of the condition and clinical response.

Recommended dose range:

Administration via inhalation

Adults, adolescents and children > 2 years

1-2 MIU two to three times per day (max 6 MIU/day)

Children < 2 years

0.5-1 MIU twice daily (max 2 MIU/ day)

Relevant clinical guidance on treatment regimens, including duration of treatment, periodicity and co-administration of other antibacterial agents should be adhered to.

Older people

Dose adjustment is not considered necessary.

Renal impairment

Dose adjustment is not considered necessary, however caution is advised in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic impairment

Dose adjustment is not considered necessary.

Method of administration

Alficetin for nebulisation is intended for administration by nebulisation using a suitable nebuliser.

Drug delivery characteristics from in vitro studies with different nebuliser systems are detailed below;

Colistimethate sodium undergoes hydrolysis to the active substance colistin in aqueous solution.

If other treatments are being taken, they should be taken in the order recommended by the physician.

Dose conversion table:

In the EU, the dose of colistimethate sodium (CMS) must be prescribed and administered only as International Units (IU). The product label states the number of IU per vial.

Confusion and medication errors have occurred because of the different expressions of dose in terms of potency. The dose is expressed in the US, and other parts of the world, as milligrams of colistin base activity (mg CBA).

The following conversion table is prepared for information and the values must be considered nominal and approximate only.

CMS conversion table

Special precautions for disposal and other handling

Alficetin may be reconstituted to produce a clear colourless to pale yellow solution,with either Water for Injections (WFI) to produce a hypotonic solution, a 50:50 mixture of WFI and 0.9% sodium chloride to produce an isotonic solution, or with 0.9% sodium chloride to produce a hypertonic solution. The volume used for reconstitution should be in accordance with the instructions for use provided with the nebuliser device, and is normally not more than 4ml. During reconstitution swirl gently to avoid frothing. When reconstituted, Alficetin may be used with any conventional nebuliser suitable for delivery of antibiotic solutions.

Solutions should be used immediately after reconstitution, however if this is not possible solutions must be used within 24 hours and stored in a refrigerator. Any unused solution remaining in the nebuliser must be discarded following treatment. For instructions on the use of Alficetin with the I-neb AAD System, please refer to detailed instructions provided with the device.

Conventional nebulisers operate on a continuous flow basis and it is likely that some nebulised drug will be released into the local environment. When used with a conventional nebuliser, Alficetin should be administered in a well-ventilated room, particularly in hospitals where several patients may be using nebulisers at the same time. Tubing or filters may be used to prevent waste aerosol from entering the environment.